As new evidence emerges, treatment strategies toward the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B are evolving. In 2019, a panel of national hepatologists published a Consensus Statement on the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B. Currently, an international group of hepatologists has been assembled to evaluate research since the publication of the original consensus, and to collaboratively develop the updated statements. The 2.0 Consensus was aimed to update the original consensus with the latest available studies, and provide a comprehensive overview of the current relevant scientific literatures regarding functional cure of hepatitis B, with a particular focus on issues that are not yet fully clarified. These cover the definition of functional cure of hepatitis B, its mechanisms and barriers, the effective strategies and treatment roadmap to achieve this endpoint, in particular new surrogate biomarkers used to measure efficacy or to predict response, and the appropriate approach to pursuing a functional cure in special populations, the development of emerging antivirals and immunomodulators with potential for curing hepatitis B. The statements are primarily intended to offer international guidance for clinicians in their practice to enhance the functional cure rate of chronic hepatitis B.

As new evidence emerges, treatment strategies toward the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B are evolving. In 2019, a panel of national hepatologists published a Consensus Statement on the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B. Currently, an international group of hepatologists has been assembled to evaluate research since the publication of the original consensus, and to collaboratively develop the updated statements. The 2.0 Consensus was aimed to update the original consensus with the latest available studies, and provide a comprehensive overview of the current relevant scientific literatures regarding functional cure of hepatitis B, with a particular focus on issues that are not yet fully clarified. These cover the definition of functional cure of hepatitis B, its mechanisms and barriers, the effective strategies and treatment roadmap to achieve this endpoint, in particular new surrogate biomarkers used to measure efficacy or to predict response, and the appropriate approach to pursuing a functional cure in special populations, the development of emerging antivirals and immunomodulators with potential for curing hepatitis B. The statements are primarily intended to offer international guidance for clinicians in their practice to enhance the functional cure rate of chronic hepatitis B.

As new evidence emerges, treatment strategies toward the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B are evolving. In 2019, a panel of national hepatologists published a Consensus Statement on the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B. Currently, an international group of hepatologists has been assembled to evaluate research since the publication of the original consensus, and to collaboratively develop the updated statements. The 2.0 Consensus was aimed to update the original consensus with the latest available studies, and provide a comprehensive overview of the current relevant scientific literatures regarding functional cure of hepatitis B, with a particular focus on issues that are not yet fully clarified. These cover the definition of functional cure of hepatitis B, its mechanisms and barriers, the effective strategies and treatment roadmap to achieve this endpoint, in particular new surrogate biomarkers used to measure efficacy or to predict response, and the appropriate approach to pursuing a functional cure in special populations, the development of emerging antivirals and immunomodulators with potential for curing hepatitis B. The statements are primarily intended to offer international guidance for clinicians in their practice to enhance the functional cure rate of chronic hepatitis B.

Munchausen syndrome by proxy（MSBP）in children refers to the caregivers who enforce unnecessary medication-seeking on children by falsifying symptoms or inducing disease（exacerbation），resulting in different degrees of physical or mental damage.And it may lead to adverse psychosocial consequences of the victims in adulthood，and even become the new "MSBP caregivers".First reported in 1977，MSBP in children has attracted widespread attention in European and American countries，and gradually attracted attention worldwide.However，Chinese pediatricians have insufficient knowledge of the disease at present，and there are just a few relevant literature reports in China.This article reviews the clinical features and progress on diagnosis and treatment of MSBP in children.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, nonspecific inflammatory disease of the digestive tract with unknown etiology, complicated pathogenesis and diverse clinical manifestations.Biologic therapies, particularly anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibodies, have fundamentally changed the treatment and course of IBD in children.In recent years, more biologics have been applied to pediatric IBD.This review summarizes the application of different biologics in pediatric IBD and elaborates on the latest research progress in their mechanism of action, efficacy, safety, clinical conversion and combined application, so as to improve the optimal treatment of IBD by pediatricians.

Novel coronavirus Omicron variant infection can cause severe illness and even death in certain populations. Omicron variant infection may lead to systemic inflammatory response, coagulation disorder, multi-organ dysfunction and other pathophysiological changes, which are different from other Novel coronavirus variants to a certain extent, so therapeutic strategies should not be the same. The National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events invited experts in fields of infectious diseases, respiratory medicine, intensive care, pediatrics and fever clinic to develop this quick guideline based on the current best evidence and extensive clinical practices. This quick guideline aims to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus Omicron infection, and to improve the disease management abilities of clinicians.

China has classified the Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) as a statutory category B infectious disease and managed it according to Category B since January 8, 2023.In view that Omicron variant is currently the main epidemic strain in China, in order to guide the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) infection in children with the times, refer to the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Infection (Trial 10 th Edition), Expert Consensus on Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children (Fourth Edition) and the Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy for Pediatric Related Viral Infections.The Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children (Fifth Edition) has been formulated and updated accordingly on related etiology, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination, diagnosis and treatment, and added key points for the treatment of COVID-19 related encephalopathy, fulminating myocarditis and other serious complications for clinical reference.

The etiology of abnormal liver function in children is complex.Food allergy can cause liver immunity injury, which is one of the causes of abnormal liver function in children.The common clinical manifestation is hypertransaminasemia, mostly without cholestasis and hepatomegaly.After the exclusion of common causes of abnormal liver function, food challenge test to observe the changes of transaminase is used to diagnose abnormal liver function related to food allergy.This article reviews the research status, potential mechanism and clinical characteristic of abnormal liver function related to food allergy, aiming to improve the understanding of the phenomenon of clinicians, and better diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Clinical data of a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in November 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.The 4 years and 4 months old female patient presented with retrosternal and abdominal pain for 1 month, and aggravated with multi-organ pain for 20 days.She complained about the retrosternal pain with acid reflux, pain in the teeth, esophagus, and abdomen, etc.During the hospitalization, she frequently complained of multi-organ pain.Her mother repeatedly declared her painful hip joint and she often cried for pain at night, and even could not walk.However, the clinical examination showed no obvious abnormalities.Combining characteristics of the patient and her caregiver, the patient was confirmed as MSBP.It is suggested that MSBP in children should be concerned in cases with complicated severe chief complaints, frequent medical visits, and a strong willing to see a doctor or be hospitalized by their caregivers, but normal physical and auxiliary examination findings.

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is widespread in the world, which mainly affects people with an insufficient immunity.Interferon is an important member involved in the innate immune, which is of great significance in the early antiviral response.Owing to the huge genome, HCMV expresses various proteins that resist the host immune response effectively.Moreover, HCMV also exploits host cells to resist the immune response of interferon, thus escaping from the host immune response and establishing a latent infection.This study aims to review the research progress of HCMV in escaping from the host interferon response.