In recent years, China has been facing the dual challenges of declining fertility rates and births, with male reproductive health issues, especially the decline in semen quality, identified as a pivotal contributor to this phenomenon. Meanwhile, accumulating evidence indicates that air pollutants, an increasingly severe environmental problem, can damage semen quality not only directly through their biological toxicity but also indirectly by disrupting the composition of microbial communities in the gut and semen, thereby dysregulating immune function, endocrine homeostasis, and oxidative stress responses. The gut microbiota and semen microbiota, as important components of the human microecosystem, play crucial roles in maintaining reproductive health. This article comprehensively reviewed the research progress on the potential effects of air pollutants (particulate matter and gaseous pollutants), gut microbiota, and semen microbiota on semen quality. Specifically, it elucidated the mechanisms of interaction between these factors and explored how they affect male fertility.

Objective To investigate the influence of different cell structures on the static and dynamic mechanical performance of porous titanium alloy scaffolds,and to provide a theoretical mechanical basis for the application of scaffolds in the repair of mandibular bone defects.Methods Porous titanium alloy scaffolds with diamond,cubic,and cross-sectional cubic cell structures were manufactured using three-dimensional printing technology.Uniaxial compression tests and ratcheting fatigue with compression load tests were conducted to analyze the static and dynamic mechanical performances of scaffolds with different cell structures.Results The elastic moduli of the diamond cell,cross-sectional cubic cell,and cubic cell scaffolds were 1.17,0.566,and 0.322 GPa,respectively,and the yield strengths were 71.8,65.1,and 31.8 MPa,respectively.After reaching the stable stage,the ratcheting strains of the cross-sectional cubic,diamond,and cubic cell scaffolds were 3.3%,4.0%,and 4.5%,respectively.The ratcheting strain increased with increasing average stress,stress amplitude,and peak holding time,and decreased with increasing loading rate.Conclusions The evaluation results of the static mechanical performance showed that the diamond cell scaffold was the best,followed by the cross-sectional cubic cell scaffold and the cubic cell scaffold.The evaluation results of the dynamic mechanical performance showed that the cross-sectional cubic cell scaffold performed the best,followed by the diamond cell scaffold,whereas the cubic cell scaffold performed the worst.The fatigue performance of the scaffold is affected by the loading conditions.These results provide new insights for scaffold construction for the repair of mandibular bone defects and provide an experimental basis for further clinical applications of this scaffold technology.

Objective To investigate whether norepinephrine (NE) regulates the oxidative stress in human endom-etrial epithelial cells (hEECs) by activating nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/ heme oxygenase -1(HO-1) signal pathway.Methods Cultured hEECs were used.The expression of α and β adrenergic receptors was detec-ted by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) assay was applied to test the effect of NE on cell viability, then the cells were divided into Control group and NE treatment group, and the appropriate concentrations were chosen.The expression of tight junction proteins Occludin and zona occludens-1(ZO-1), apoptosis-related proteins apoptosis-related protein B-cell lymphoma-2 protein(Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associ-ated X protein(Bax) , antioxidant proteins Nrf2 and HO-1 were examined by Western blot.The apoptosis was de-tected by flow cytometry.The malonaldehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in the cell culture medium were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays kit (ELISA).Results The mRNA expression of α1 a,α1 b,α2 a,α2 b,α2 c,β1, β3 was detected in the hEECs.After the NE treatment, no significant change in cell viability was observed in low concentration (5 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L) groups, while 15 μmol/L and 20μmol/L NE treatments for 6 h or 24 h promoted the cell viability significantly.The expression of ZO-1 and Occlu-din increased significantly in 15 μmol/L group after 24 h treatment, the expression of ZO-1 decreased in 6 h treat-ment group, significant down regulation was observed after 15 μmol/L NE application, the expression of Occludin increased in 6 h group.The cell apoptosis increased compared with the control group after NE stimulation, espe-cially a significantly increase in 6 h 15 μmol/L group was detected,while the fall in increased apoptosis was ob-served after 24 h treatment.The ration of Bcl-2/Bax>1.The expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 was elevated by NE.There was no obvious change in MDA level while significant elevation in SOD was detected in cell culture medium.Conclusion Nrf2/HO-1 signal is activated after application of NE to the hEECs, which may responsible for the upregulation of SOD, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effect in the hEECs.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the narrow-band imaging(NBI)endoscopic characteristics of recurrent early glottic carcinoma patients after undergoing CO2 laser surgery with a suspend laryngoscopy.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on patients with early-stage glottic carcinoma(Ⅰ-Ⅱ stage)who received CO2 laser surgery under supportive laryngoscopy at the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University from January 2017 to December 2023.The medical history,treatment methods,laryngoscopy(including common white light endoscopy and NBI endoscopy),imaging examinations,and pathological results of patients with recurrent glottic carcinoma were collected at different time points including preoperation,postoperative 1 month,postoperative 3 months,and postoperative 6 months.The endoscopic characteristics of NBI in patients with recurrent glottic carcinoma were summarized.RESULTS First,among 18 patients with early-stage glottic cancer recurrence after CO2 laser,the diagnostic rate of NBI endoscopy for laryngeal cancer recurrence(88.89％,16/18)was significantly higher than that of common white light endoscopy(55.56％,10/18)(χ2=4.985,P=0.026).The intraepithelial papillary capillary loop(IPCL)was classified as a vertical vessel according to ELS in all relapsed patients.However,according to Ni classification,the IPCL of the 72.22％(13/18)were classified as type V,while the IPCL of 27.78％(5/18)showed suspicious abnormal neovascularization(punctate or dilated and curved).The proportion of patients with abnormal IPCL on the surgical surface at 1 month,3 months,and 6 months postoperatively was 0.00％,27.78％(5/18),and 61.11％(11/18),respectively,with statistically significant differences(χ2=16.164,P<0.001),which indicated that the longer the follow-up time for recurrent laryngeal cancer patients,the higher the proportion of patients with abnormal IPCL on the surface of the surgical area under NBI endoscopy.CONCLUSION For early glottic carcinoma after CO2 laser surgery with a suspend laryngoscopy,the appearance of suspicious new blood vessels with type Ⅴ IPCL and punctate or dilated curvature under NBI endoscopy may indicate early recurrence of laryngeal cancer.

Coding with high-frequency stimuli could alleviate the visual fatigue of users generated by the brain-computer interface (BCI) based on steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). It would improve the comfort and safety of the system and has promising applications. However, most of the current advanced SSVEP decoding algorithms were compared and verified on low-frequency SSVEP datasets, and their recognition performance on high-frequency SSVEPs was still unknown. To address the aforementioned issue, electroencephalogram (EEG) data from 20 subjects were collected utilizing a high-frequency SSVEP paradigm. Then, the state-of-the-art SSVEP algorithms were compared, including 2 canonical correlation analysis algorithms, 3 task-related component analysis algorithms, and 1 task discriminant component analysis algorithm. The results indicated that they all could effectively decode high-frequency SSVEPs. Besides, there were differences in the classification performance and algorithms' speed under different conditions. This paper provides a basis for the selection of algorithms for high-frequency SSVEP-BCI, demonstrating its potential utility in developing user-friendly BCI.
Humans ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Algorithms ; Discriminant Analysis ; Electroencephalography

Ocular choristoma is composed of ectopic tissues with normal structures. The pathogenesis still remains uncertain. Histopathologically, it is a dense connective tissue mixed with epidermal appendages, smooth muscle cells, mature adipose tissue, lacrimal glands, lymph nodes, skeletal muscle fibers, cartilage and bone. Because of its low incidence, most of published literature are case reports. The clinical manifestations are non-specific and we need to distinguish it from other ocular masses. The choice of surgical resection depends on the ocular symptoms, the effect on appearance, and the need for clinical confirmation. This paper reviews the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ocular choristoma.

Objective:To evaluate the long-term health-related quality of life (QOL) in pediatric patients with acute leukemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and to analyze potential influence factors.Methods:Patients with acute leukemia aging 8-18 years who received HSCT in the Hematology Oncology Center of Beijing Children′s Hospital from June 2009 to June 2012 with more than 80 months survival postoperatively were recruited.All of them were subjected to a short-term QOL survey in 2013.PedsQL? Transplantation Module 3.0 in Chinese mandarin version was completed.QOL data and influence factors were analyzed.Results:Forty-one patients completed the questionnaires, involving 32 males and 9 females with the mean age of(14.29±2.72) years.The mean scores of overall long-term QOL after HSCT were above 75 (total scores: 100), which was above the average.The age, disease status before transplantation, donor sources, post-transplant complications and the parental education level were the influential factors for the long-term QOL in pediatric patients with acute leukemia at post-HSCT, which could affect a certain dimension in QOL.Conclusions:The overall long-term QOL of pediatric patients with acute leukemia who survived for more than 80 months at post-HSCT is acceptable, which is significantly better than the short-term QOL after 4 months of HSCT.The age, disease status before transplantation, donor sources, post-transplant complications and the education level of parents could affect a certain dimension of QOL.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of supra-arch branches bypass on cerebral oxygen saturation and hemodynamics in patients with Stanford type B aortic dissection.Methods:From January to December 2018, consecutive 27 patients with Stanford type B aortic dissection were enrolled in the study. All patients received hybrid treatment, including supra-arch branches bypass(right axillary artery-left common carotid artery-left subclavian artery) and thoracic endovascular aortic repaire(TEVAR). All the operations were performed by the same surgical team. The left and right cerebral oxygen saturation were measured after anesthesia(T1), left carotid artery occlusion(T2) and after operation(T3); peak systolic velocity(PSV) and resistance index(RI) of left and right carotid arteries were measured before(t1) and after operation(t2).Results:The left cerebral oxygen saturation was 0.62 ±0.01, 0.54±0.01 and 0.62±0.01 at T1, T2 and T3, respectively. There was significant difference between T2 and T1 and T3( P=0.002, P=0.001), but there was no significant difference between T1 and T3. The PSV of left carotid artery at t1 and t2 were(0.91±0.11)m/s and(0.76±0.09)m/s respectively, with no significant difference( P= 0.191). The RI of left carotid artery at t1 and t2 were 0.83±0.06 and 0.93±0.13 respectively, with no significant difference( P= 0.575). Conclusion:If one side of carotid artery was blocked for a short time during supra-arch branches bypass, the cerebral oxygen saturation would be decreased temporarily, but the changes of cerebral oxygen metabolism could be completely restored after operation. However, the hemodynamics of carotid artery would not change significantly. In the hybrid treatment strategy for the patients with aortic dissection Stanford type B, blocking bilateral carotid arteries can be avoided. Making the right axillary artery-left common carotid artery-left subclavian artery shunt is a safe and effective choice.

Objective To investigate the role of epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (ErbB3) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) in enhancing the resistance of Herceptin in human breast cancer.Methods HRG (Heregulin,the ligand of ErbB3) or IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor2,the ligand of IGF1R) was correspondingly added into breast cancer cells SKBR3 and BT474,and then 3-(4,5-dimenthylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay and were performed in these cells to evaluate the sensitivity of these cells to Herceptin.Furthermore,we used HRG or IGF2 antibodies to inhibit their joint receptors in Herceptin-resistant breast cancer cells SKBR3/POOL2 and BT474/HR20.Finally,the sensitivity of these treated cells to Herceptin was detected via MTS assay.HRG or IGF2 was added into breast cancer cell BT474,and co-IP assay was used to detect the expressions of ErbB3 and IGF1R which combined with ErbB2.Results The treatment groups used HRG or IGF2 enhanced the resistance of Herceptin in Herceptin-sensitive breast cancer cells.On the other hand,we used antibodies of HRG and IGF2 to block their combining with their receptors in Herceptin-resistant breast cancer cells,the cells became more sensitive to Herceptin.BT474 cell was treated with HRG or IGF2.The expressions of ErbB3 and IGF1R which combined with ErbB2 were increased.Conclusions The formation of heterodimers ErbB2/ErbB3 and ErbB2/IGF1R might enhance the resistance of Herceptin in ErbB2-overexpression human breast cancers.

Objective To summarize the effect of supra-arch branches bypass combined with endovascular aortic repair for aortic diseases.Methods From January 2012 to August 2015,120 cases of thoracic aortic diseases (aortic dissection 103,aortic aneurysm 16,penetrating aortic ulcer 1) received hybrid operation in Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute.Vascular bypass was established among the brachiocephalic arteries,followed by endovascular repair through femoral artery either one-stage or two-stage.Patients were followed up for 3-24 months.Results Technical success was achieved among all the patients.Five patients died after the operation(one patient had retrograde aortic dissection,2 patients had pericardial tamponade,one patient had apnea,and one patient had respiratory and cardiac arrest.The death rate is 4.1％),4 patients had stroke,among them,symptoms were relieved in three patients,one patient was not cured.Total 92 patients were followed-up and had no symptoms of up-limb ischemia or dizziness.CT scan showed bypass graft and endovascular stent patency.6 patients had endoleak (type Ⅰ b 2 cases,type Ⅱ 3 cases,and type Ⅲ 1 case),distal aortic dissection occurred in one patient,three patients had mild contrast agent leakage around the distal endovascular stent,type A aortic dissection occurred in one patient,there were no late stage death.Conclusion Supraarch branches bypass combined with endovascular aortic repair for treating aortic disease is minimally invasive,safe,and can reduce the incidence of postoperative complications.