Neoadjuvant therapy has become the standard treatment for locally advanced resectable esophageal cancer, significantly improving long-term survival compared to surgery alone. Neoadjuvant therapy has evolved to include various strategies, such as concurrent chemoradiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted combination therapy. This enriches clinical treatment options and provides a more personalized and scientific treatment approach for patients. This article aims to comprehensively summarize current academic research hot topics, review the rationale and evaluation measures of neoadjuvant therapy, discuss challenges in restaging methods after neoadjuvant therapy, and identify the advantages and disadvantages of various neoadjuvant therapeutic strategies.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common and severe nephropathy syndromes in clinical practice and also one of the most common serious complications after organ transplantation, with high incidence and fatality. Iron is an essential trace element in the body. Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death induced by the accumulation of iron-mediated lipid peroxidation, and its occurrence is closely related to iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and multiple signaling pathways. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis plays a key role in the occurrence and development of AKI and provides therapeutic targets for AKI. This article summarizes the regulatory mechanism of ferroptosis and its role in AKI, as well as the compounds that play an important role in the prevention and treatment of AKI by inhibiting ferroptosis, providing new ideas for the future treatment and research of AKI.

In recent years， the potential anti-tumor effects of metformin have attracted widespread attention in the field of cancer treatment. This article summarizes the research progress of metformin in the treatment of malignant tumors，finding its potential application in the treatment of malignant tumors in the digestive system （biliary tract cancer，gastric cancer，esophagus cancer，colorectal cancer，pancreatic cancer，liver cancer） and reproductive system （prostate cancer，ovarian cancer，breast cancer， cervical cancer），non-small cell lung cancer，renal cell carcinoma，and melanoma. Metformin can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells and extend the overall survival of patients. Its mechanisms of action include，but are not limited to，inhibiting the activity of mitochondrial complex Ⅰ，activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/p53 signaling pathway，and blocking the cell cycle. Additionally，the combined use of metformin with chemotherapy drugs has shown potential for reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacy. It can enhance the sensitivity of biliary tract cancer，ovarian cancer，and melanoma cells to chemotherapy drugs， improve the drug resistance of gastric and colorectal cancer cells to chemotherapy，and reduce the toxic reactions of breast cancer patients during chemotherapy. Metformin is also used as an immunomodulator，applied in the immunotherapy of patients with esophagus cancer，colorectal cancer，cervical cancer，non-small cell lung cancer，and melanoma.

"Global cancer statistics 2022" based on the latest GLOBCAN data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) was recently released, providing a systematic analysis of the incidence and mortality of 36 types of cancer across 185 countries worldwide. The international burden of cancer is expected to continue to increase over the next 30 years, posing a severe public health and social challenge for many countries, including China. This article offers a key point interpretation of the "Global cancer statistics 2022", focusing on the evolution of cancer epidemiology and future development trends. The aim is to broaden the international perspective on cancer prevention and treatment, with the hope of providing reference and guidance for cancer prevention and treatment efforts in our country.

Standardized reporting is a crucial factor affecting the use of patient guidelines （PGs）， particularly in the reporting and presentation of recommendations. This paper introduced the current status of PG reporting， including the research on PG content and presentation formats， and provided comprehensive recommendations for PG reporting from aspects such as overall framework， recommendations， presentation format， and readability. First， the presentation of PG recommendations should include clearly defined clinical questions， recommendations and their rationale， and guidance on how patients should implement the interventions； for specific content in the PG， such as level of evidence， level of recommendation， it is recommended to explain in text the reasons for giving different levels of recommendation， i.e.， to present the logic behind giving the level of recommendation to the patient； additional information needed in the recommendation framework should be supplemented by tracing references or authoritative textbooks and literature that support the recommendations. Subsequently， the PG text should be written based on the Reporting Checklist for Public Versions of Guidelines （RIGHT-PVG） reporting framework. Finally， to enhance readability and comprehension， it is recommended to refer to the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool （PEMAT） for translating PG content. To enhance the readability of PGs， it is suggested to present the PG content in a persona-lized and layered manner.

Since the concept of patient versions of guidelines （PVGs） was introduced into China， several PVGs have been published in China， but we found that there is a big difference between the concept of PVG at home and abroad， and the reason for this difference has not been reasonably explained， which has led to ambiguity and even misapplication of the PVG concept by guideline developers. By analyzing the background and purpose of PVGs， and the understanding of the PVG concept by domestic scholars， we proposed the term patient guidelines （PGs）. This refers to guidelines developed under the principles of evidence-based medicine， centered on health issues that concern patients， and based on the best available evidence， intended for patient use. Except for the general attribute of providing information or education， which is typical of common health education materials， PGs also provide recommendations and assist in decision-making， so PGs include both the patient versions of guidelines （PVG） as defined by the Guidelines International Network （GIN） and "patient-directed guidelines"， i.e. clinical practice guidelines resulting from the adaptation or reformulation of recommendations through clinical practice guidelines.

At present， the process and methodology of patient guidelines （PGs） development varies greatly and lacks systematic and standardised guidance. In addition to the interviews with PG developers， we have sorted out the relevant methodology for the adaptation and development of existing clinical practice guideline recommendations and facilitated expert deliberations to achieve a consensus， so as to finally put forward a proposal for guidance on the process and methodology for the development of PGs. The development of PGs can be divided into the preparation stage， the construction stage， and the completion stage in general， but the specific steps vary according to the different modes of development of PGs. The development process of Model 1 is basically the same as the patient version of the guideline development process provided by the International Guidelines Network， i.e.， team formation， screening of recommendations， guideline drafing， user testing and feedback， approval and dissemination. The developer should also first determine the need for and scope of translating the clinical practice guideline into a patient version during the preparation phase. Model 2 adds user experience and feedback to the conventional clinical practice guideline development process （forming a team， determining the scope of the PG， searching， evaluating and integrating evidence， forming recommendations， writing the guideline， and expert review）. Based on the different models， we sort out the process and methods of PG development and introduce the specific methods of PG development， including how to identify the clinical problem and how to form recommendations based on the existing clinical practice guidelines， with a view to providing reference for guideline developers and related researchers.

This paper investigated the corresponding relationships between wuji （无极）， taiji （太极）， yin-yang （阴阳） and certain mathematical concepts， i.e. wuji directly corresponds to the empty set， the number 0 and the intial origin； taiji corresponds to the universe set， the number 1 and the unit circle； yin-yang directly corresponds to the binary opposition division of universe set， the combination of numbers or characters 0 and 1， and the binary division of unit circle （into upper and lower semicircles， or left and right semicircles）. In addition， the definitions of set descrication， set partitioning， and the set of basic equations （in a generalised sense） for yin and yang were given. The relationships between two set equations A⋂B=∅, A⋃B=I  and unity of opposites were discussed， and the relationships between yin-yang sets and mutual complementary sets， oppositional events of yin and yang were explored. The basic properties of yin-yang sets are illustrated by the definition of yin-yang set partitioning， so as to reveal the basic laws of yin-yang transformation.

Based on the knowledge background of ancient Chinese technology， including odd-even numbers to yin-yang， diurnal （day-night） cycle and annual （four seasons） cycle， changes of solar light manifestation and land surface temperature， a method of deduction and verification for Hetu （《河图》） and Luoshu （《洛书》） was proposed in this paper. To ensure the scientific rigor of research， the equivalent numbers to yin-yang were defined， and the diurnal as well as annual cycle models under coordinate system were constructed. On this basis， the Hetu and the Luoshu were derived by means of the variation regulations of solar irradiance and surface atmospheric temperature within one day and one year， which provided a solid foundation for the correct comprehension and application of Hetu and Luoshu. In addition， it was proved that Hetu and Luoshu could be derived from each other by using the equivalent numbers to yin-yang， which means the feature of unity. Multiple equivalent numerical forms for Hetu and Luoshu were presented.

The primordial Bagua （eight trigrams） diagram derived from the eight combinations formed with three lines of yin-symbols and/or yang-symbols， as the hexagrams， with the yin-yang variation regulations of the hexagrams as the basis. The symbolic representations of primordial Bagua diagram， of binary numerical system， and of odd-even numbers to yin-yang and of all their interrelations were discussed. Similarly， the relationship between the primordial Bagua diagram and Hetu （《河图》） and Luoshu （《洛书》） were discussed. The logic of the primordial Bagua diagram and Hetu Luoshu is rigorous， reflecting the pattern of change of the solar irradiance and surface atmosphere temperature in the daily and yearly cycles， and they can be derived from each other， which explains the unity of the theoretical foundations of Chinese culture， including traditional Chinese medicine， at the root. In addition， the evolution process of the primordial to the manifested Bagua diagram was analyzed from two aspects， including concrete multi-factoral analysis and abstract coordinate rotation transformation. This paper also discussed interrelations involving the Hetu and Luoshu and the five phases， and also provided the unifying explanation for the following concepts of "the earth governs four seasons"， "the earth governs four extremities"， "the earth governs long summer".