Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a kind of primary liver cancer with a high mortality rate. In China, the incidence ratio in males to females with HCC is 2:1–5:1. The difference in sex hormone pathways between males and females and the interaction between androgen/androgen receptors and HBV can lead to an incidence difference between males and females with HCC. Hence, the androgen/androgen receptor oncogenic pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma has received considerable attention. This review mainly summarizes the recent research progress on the androgen/androgen receptor oncogenic pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Objective:To investigate the expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its relationship with clinical features and prognosis, and to examine its effect on PD-1-positive natural killer (NK) cells against AML cells in vitro.Methods:The bone marrow samples of 65 AML patients and the peripheral blood of 32 AML patients diagnosed in Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University from July 2019 to December 2020 were prospectively collected, and the peripheral blood of 24 healthy people was taken as healthy control. The expression level of PD-L1 in bone marrow tumor cells and expression level of PD-1 in peripheral blood NK cells were detected by flow cytometry. The correlations of PD-1 expression in bone marrow tumor cells and PD-1 expression in NK cells with the clinicopathological features, curative effect and prognosis of patients were analyzed. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression level of PD-L1 in AML cell line THP-1 (target cells) and the expression level of PD-L1 in NK cell line NKL (effector cells). THP-1 cells treated with and without 25 μmol/L of PD-L1 inhibitor fraxinellone were used as experimental group and control group, and co-cultured with NKL cells at different effector-to-target ratios. The apoptosis of THP-1 cells and the expression of NKG2D in NKL cells were detected by flow cytometry, the cell proliferation status was detected by CCK-8 and the cell proliferation inhibition rate was calculated; the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the supernatant of co-culture system were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:The proportion of AML patients with PD-L1-positive expression in bone marrow tumor cells was higher than that in the healthy control group [38.5% (25/65) vs. 8.3% (2/24), P = 0.029]. The proportion of AML patients with PD-1-positive expression in peripheral blood NK cells was higher than that in the healthy control group [40.6% (13/32) vs. 12.5% (3/24), P = 0.035]. There were no statistical differences in sex, age, hemogram, proportion of primordial cells, risk stratification, chromosomal karyotype, gene mutation (except NPM1 gene), fusion gene and French-American-British cooperative group (FAB) typing between patients with PD-L1 positive and negative in bone marrow tumor cells and between patients with PD-1 positive and negative in peripheral blood NK cells (all P > 0.05). In relapsed/refractory patients, the proportion of patients with PD-L1-positive expression in bone marrow tumor cells was higher than that in newly treated patients [58.8% (10/17) vs. 31.2% (15/48), P = 0.045]. There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with PD-1-positive expression in peripheral blood NK cells between relapsed/refractory patients and newly treated patients [(38.5% (5/13) vs. 42.1% (8/19), P = 0.837]. There was no statistical difference in complete remission (CR) rate between PD-L1 positive and negative patients [69.6% (16/23) vs. 74.3% (26/35), P > 0.05]. There was no statistical difference in CR rate between PD-1 positive and negative patients [66.7% (8/12) vs. 70.6% (12/17), P > 0.05]. There was no statistical difference in recurrence rate after CR between PD-L1 positive and negative patients [12.5% (2/16) vs. 19.2% (5/26), P > 0.05]. There was no statistical difference in recurrence rate after CR between PD-1 positive and negative patients [25.0% (2/8) vs. 16.7% (2/12), P > 0.05]. Flow cytometry showed that the positive rate of PD-1 in NKL cells was (67±6)% and the positive rate of PD-L1 in THP-1 cells was (85±5)%. After co-culture with NKL cells, the apoptotic rate and proliferation inhibition rate of THP-1 cells were higher in the experimental group compared with the control group, the expression of NKG2D on the surface of NKL cells was elevated, and the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the co-culture supernatant were increased. Conclusions:In AML patients, the expression of PD-L1 in bone marrow tumor cells is high, and the expression of PD-1 in peripheral blood NK cells is also high. The expression of PD-L1 in bone marrow tumor cells of relapsed/refractory AML patients is higher than that of newly treated patients. Inhibition of PD-L1 expression in THP-1 cells can enhance the tumor killing activity of NKL cells in vitro. The mechanism may be that inhibition of PD-L1 expression in THP-1 cells up-regulates the expression of NKL cell activated receptor NKG2D and promotes the secretion of IFN- γ and TNF- α.

Statistics plays an important role in medical research， and the selection of appropriate statistical methods is crucial for drawing reliable and valuable conclusions. This paper provides a brief introduction to commonly used statistical analysis methods for medical data， covering descriptive analysis， parametric test， nonparametric test， correlation analysis， regression analysis， and analysis of survival data. It focuses on discussing the assumptions of multiple linear regression， logistic regression and Cox proportional risk regression， as well as how to choose the appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and interpreting medical data based on different research objectives and data types.

Clinical research reports serve as the presentation of scientific research findings and directly reflect the quality of the research. This article describes the writing of different types of clinical research reports， such as observational studies and randomized controlled trial studies， with a particular focus on randomized controlled trials. Each scientific research design has its reporting focus， and the writing of scientific research papers has uniform requirements and a specific writing format. Mastering the proper format of drafting research reports is of practical value and significant importance for conduction high-quality clinical research.

Objective:To compare the geographical differences and time trends of liver cancer incidence and mortality in different regions around the world so as to predict the future burden of liver cancer.Methods:The incidence and mortality data of liver cancer in different Human Development Index (HDI) countries from 2000 to 2020 were collected from the GLOBOCAN 2020 database. The joinpoint model and annual percent change (APC) were used to analyze the liver cancer global incidence and mortality as well as future epidemic trends from 2000 to 2020.Results:ASMR for male liver cancer was increased from 8.0/100, 000 in 2000 to 7.1/100,000 in 2015 (APC = -0.7, 95% CI: -1.2 ~ -0.3, P = 0.002), while ASMR for female liver cancer was increased from 3.0/100, 000 in 2000 to 2.8/100, 000 in 2015 (APC = -0.5, 95% CI: -0.8 ~ -0.2, P < 0.001). The ratio of male to female ASMR was 2.67:1 in 2000 and 2.51:1 in 2015, indicating a slight narrowing of the difference in mortality between men and women. In 2020, the global ASIR and ASMR for liver cancer were 9.5/100 000 and 8.7/100 000, respectively. Male ASIR and ASMR (14.1/100, 000 and 12.9/100, 000, respectively) were 2 ~ 3 times higher than females (5.2/100, 000 and 4.8/100, 000, respectively). There were significant differences between ASIR and ASMR in different HDI countries and regions ( PASIR = 0.008, PASMR < 0.001), and the distributions of ASMR and ASIR were very similar. New cases and deaths were expected to increase by 58.6% (143,6744) and 60.9% (133, 5 375) in 2040, with the number of cases and deaths increasing by 39,7003 and 37,4208 in Asia, respectively. Conclusion:ASMR due to liver cancer worldwide has had a downward trend between 2000 and 2015. However, the latest epidemiological status and predictions of liver cancer in 2020 indicate that prevention and control will still be a major challenge globally in the next 20 years.

Corona virus disease 2019 （COVID-19） has led to more than 500 million cases， including 6.19 million deaths. Mutated strains of SARS-CoV-2 （alpha， beta， gamma， delta and omicron） have successively emerged. Currently the omicron variant is gradually replacing the delta variant， driving a surge of cases in most countries including China， posing a great challenge to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In the face of the severe pandemic situation， a large number of non-medical volunteers are fighting on the front lines of the war against the pandemic and are vulnerable to exposure due to lack of professional knowledge. This paper introduces the routine skills training of volunteers and emergency response， aiming to provide behavioral guidance for non-medical volunteers in designated isolation facilities.

ObjectiveTo investigate the related factors of hypertension and comorbid hypertension-diabetes mellitus （HT-DM） among rural residents in Shanghai， China. MethodsA total of 2 159 residents over 35 years old were randomly selected from a rural community in the suburbs of Shanghai through cluster random sampling. Their basic sociological characteristics and blood lipid levels were investigated. Chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between hypertension （or HT-DM） and gender， age， education levels， marital status， original household registration and current household registration. The relationship between hypertension （or HT-DM） and blood lipid level was analyzed by a conditional logistic regression model. ResultsThe prevalence of hypertension was 26.35% and that of HT-DM was 4.68% in the study population. Chi-square test analysis showed that hypertension was significantly associated with age， marital status， educational level， and rural household registration， while HT-DM was significantly associated with age， educational level， and rural household registration. Chi-square trend analysis indicated that the prevalence of hypertension and HT-DM increased with age in both male and female populations （χ²=129.82， 193.04，both P<0.001， and χ²=9.29， 40.57， both P<0.01）. The unconditional logistic regression analysis indicated that the lower level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） and higher level of triglyceride （TG） were associated with an increased the risk of hypertension by 2.79 times and 2.06 times， respectively. The lower level of HDL-C increased risk of HT-DM by 4.21 times. ConclusionThe prevalence of hypertension in the rural population in Shanghai is relatively high. Age， education level， rural household registration and HDL-C are common related factors of hypertension and HT-DM.

ObjectiveTo observe the regulatory effect of Yuyetang on Ghrelin level in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）-induced cognitive impairment （DCI） and explore the pathway in the prevention and treatment of DCI. MethodThe T2DM model was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （STZ） combined with the high-fat and high-sugar diet （STZ）. The model rats were divided into model group， metformin group （200 mg·kg^-1）， and low-，medium-， and high-dose Yuyetang groups（4.575，9.15， 18.3 g·kg^-1）according to the blood glucose， with 10 rats in each group. A normal group was also set up. The rats were administered with corresponding drugs by gavage for 30 days， and the body weight and blood glucose of the rats in each group were observed and recorded. After drug intervention， the learning and memory abilities of rats were tested by the Morris water maze. After the test， the whole brains of rats were sampled for hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining to observe the pathological changes in the hippocampal CA1 region， and the expression of Ghrelin in gastric tissues and hippocampal CA1 region was detected by immunohistochemistry. ResultCompared with the normal group ， the model group showed increased blood glucose（P<0.01），reduced body weight（P<0.01），prolonged escape latency（P<0.05，P<0.01）， shortened retention time and movement distance in the target area，decreased number of platform crossings（P<0.01）， abnormal morphology and structure of cells with disordered arrangement and reduced number in the hippocampal CA1 region， and decreased expression of Ghrelin in the serum，hippocampal CA1 region， and gastric tissues（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the medium- and high-dose Yuyetang groups showed increased body weight， while all Yuyetang groups showed reduced blood glucose（P<0.01）， shortened escape latency （P<0.05）， prolonged retention time and movement distance in the target area，increased platform crossings （P<0.05， P<0.01）， improved morphology and structure of cells， increased number of normal cell in the hippocampal CA1 region， and elevated Ghrelin levels in the serum， gastric tissues， and hippocampal CA1 region（P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionYuyetang can effectively improve the cognitive ability of DCI rats， and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of Ghrelin levels in the serum， hippocampal CA1 region， and gastric tissues.

Aged ; Blood Pressure ; COVID-19 ; Epidemics ; Humans ; Hypertension/prevention & control* ; Internet ; Male ; Middle Aged ; SARS-CoV-2

Objective: To construct the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network related to gastric cancer and explore the molecular mechanism. Methods: The expression profiles of lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA in gastric cancer and paracancer tissues were analyzed by biochip technology, edgeR package in R software was used to filtrate differential expression genes (multiple change of >1.5 times, P<0.05) and volcano map was drawn. Based on the online miRNA-lncRNA prediction tool lncBase database and the miRNA Target gene prediction database (miRTarBase, target-scan, miRDB, starBase), the relationship between miRNA, lncRNA and mRNA was predicted. Cytoscape software was used to construct lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network and key genes (hub genes) were identified based on cytohubba calculation of degree score of each node. Then Hub genes related to the prognosis of gastric cancer were verified in the TCGA database. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed mRNA was performed using the online biological information annotation database DAVID, P<0.05 and false discovery rate (FDR)<0.05 were used as cut-off criteria. R software was used to download the RNA sequencing data and mirna-seq data of gastric cancer and adjacent tissues in TCGA database, edgeR package was used to screen out differentially expressed mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA, and some differentially expressed genes in our data were verified. In OncoLnc database, STAD project of TCGA data was selected and hub gene was input. Patients were divided into two groups based on the median value for hub genes and Kaplan-meier analysis was performed. Results: The differentially expressed 766 mRNA, 110 lncRNA and 10 miRNA were screened out, among them 90 mRNA, 4 lncRNA and 6 miRNA were used to construct the ceRNA network, and 2 of the 20 hub genes were related to the prognosis of patients. MLK7-AS1, SPP1, SULF1, hsa-miR-1307-3p were upregulated in gastric cancer tissues from our biochip, while MT2A, MT1X were downregulated, which were consistent with the results of TCGA gastric cancer database. The differentially expressed mRNAs were significantly enriched in the biological process (BP) and the mineral absorption pathway. CHST1 was negatively correlated while miR-183-5p was positively corelated with the survival of patients. Conclusion The establishment of ceRNA network for gastric cancer is conducive to further understanding of the molecular biological mechanism. CHST1 and miR-183-5p can be used as prognostic factors of gastric cancer.