Objective To analyze the clinical manifestations and epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Hubei. Methods Pharyngeal swab specimens from 16,500 patients with suspected influenza infection admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to December 2022 were selected. Viral detection and serotyping were performed by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the epidemiological and clinical data of patients were collected to analyze the clinical features and epidemiological characteristics of influenza viruses. Results A total of 16 500 clinical specimens were tested in this study, with a positive detection rate of 16.27% (2 684/16 500). The positive detection rate was 5.10% (862/16 500) for influenza A virus, 10.13% (1 672/16 500) for influenza B virus and 0.91% (150/16 500) for mixed influenza. The positive detection rate of influenza viruses was on the rise from 2020 to 2022 , reaching 18.43% in 2022. Seasonal distribution analysis denoted that the highest positive detection rates were observed in spring (18.23%) and winter (19.72%), with statistical difference (P<0.05). In terms of age distribution, patients<12 years (19.14%) had the highest positive detection rate, followed by those >60 years (17.71%), with statistical difference (P<0.05). From 2020 to 2022, the positive detection rate of influenza virus was 16.89% in males, which was higher than 15.63% in females (P<0.05). The main clinical symptoms were fever (86.89%) and cough (80.27%) for influenza A virus infections, cough (92.52%) and fever (86.06%) for influenza B virus infections, and cough (94.00%), fever (88.00%) and runny nose (86.00%) for mixed infections. Conclusion The influenza B viruses are the leading cause of influenza in Hubei from 2020 to 2022, and the infection demonstrates an increasing annual trend, with a high prevalence in winter and spring. Furthermore, children and the elderly are high-risk populations, and clinical manifestions are mainly cough and fever.

Objective To explore the prevalence of uremic pruritus(UP)in patients with maintenance hemodialy-sis(MHD)in Anhui Province and its influential factors.Methods Patients with MHD were enrolled in 27 hemo-dialysis centers in Anhui Province.Clinical data were compared.Results A total of 3 025 patients with MHD were included.The prevalence of UP was 63.3%,among them,mild UP 55.9%and moderate to severe UP 7.4%.The prevalence rates of UP in southern Anhui,central Anhui and northern Anhui were 75.4%,63.6%and 57.9%.The prevalence of total UP in≤30 years,31-50 years,51-70 years and≥71 years was 53.5%,59.8%,65.4%and 65.9%.The prevalence of total UP and moderate to severe UP increased with age(P<0.01).Age,age of dialysis,proportion of hypertension,25(hydroxy)vitamin D3[25(OH)D3],proportion of low flux dialyzer usage and proportion of calcium-phosphorus binder usage in UP group were higher than those in the group without UP.However,the levels of diastolic blood pressure,hemoglobin(Hb)and hemodialysis filtration ratio in the UP group were lower than those in the non-UP group(P<0.05).By comparison,the age,hyperten-sion and diabetes of patients in moderate and severe UP group were higher than those in mild UP group,while the proportion of non-calcium-phosphorus binding was lower than that in mild UP group(P<0.05).Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that high 25(OH)D3 was associated with a higher risk of UP in MHD patients,and high throughput dialyzer use was associated with a lower risk of UP in MHD patients(P<0.05).Conclusion The prevalence rate of UP in maintenance hemodialysis patients in Anhui province is 63.3%.The prevalence of UP is the highest in southern Anhui,and the prevalence of total UP and moderate to severe UP increases with age.High 25(OH)D3 levels are a risk factor for UP in MHD patients,and the use of high-throughput dialyzers can reduce the risk of UP in MHD patients.

OBJECTIVE To clarify the core content of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） policy in the provinces of China， so as to provide reference for optimizing the structure of the policy system of traditional Chinese medicine in China and assisting the inheritance and innovation of TCM industry in various regions. METHODS The websites of directly affiliated organs in 31 provinces， excluding Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan， were retrieved to collect the TCM policies released from 2000 to 2021. The importance of keywords in the TCM policies of each province was measured based on term frequency-inverse documentation frequency （TF-IDF） keyword extraction method， and the similarities and differences were analyzed among TCM policies. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS A total of 99 documents related to TCM policies of various provinces were obtained in this study， most of which were released after 2016. The theme of national TCM policy covered four aspects： building TCM talent team， perfecting TCM service system， strengthening TCM resource management and promoting TCM industry innovation. The TF-IDF values of “medical institutions”“traditional Chinese medicine”“medical treatment” were higher than other keywords in each province， indicating that the provinces paid more attention to the construction of TCM service system and the management of TCM resources than other aspects. Anhui and Jiangsu， Beijing and Henan， Hubei and Jilin， Hubei and Tianjin， and Hubei and Yunnan had the more degree of similarity in TCM policies， which all contained 16 of the same keywords. Therefore， the above regions should be encouraged to strengthen exchanges and cooperation and realize mutual promotion and joint development. Among all the keywords whose importance ratio was greater than 0.2，“ Tibetan medicine” was unique to Qinghai and Tibet，“ disease type” was unique to Guangdong， and the TF-IDF value of “supervision and management” in Beijing was higher， indicating that the emphasis of TCM policy formulation in different provinces was various. Meanwhile， the top 10 keywords of TF- IDF value in all provinces did not have words related to financial input， and the TF-IDF values of “informatization” in most provinces did not rank at the top. It is suggested to increase financial input or encourage social financing， and add “Internet+new business” in the field of TCM.

Objective:To explore the prevalence rate of restless leg syndrome (RLS) and its related influencing factors in patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) in Anhui province.Methods:It was a cross-sectional study, including regular MHD patients in blood purification centers of 27 hospitals in southern, central and northern Anhui province from January to March 2020. The investigation included general demographic characteristics, primary diseases, complications, dialysis-related conditions and drug use. According to the presence or absence of RLS, the patients were divided into RLS group and non-RLS group, and the differences of clinical data between the two groups were compared. Logistic regression analysis method was used to analyze the influencing factors of RLS.Results:The study included 3 025 MHD patients, aged (54.8±12.8) years old, with 1 819 males (60.1%) and 1 206 females (39.9%). The dialysis age was (5.5±3.8) years. The prevalence rates of RLS in MHD patients were 8.8% (265/3 025), of which 13.7% (77/561), 7.7% (88/1 145) and 7.6% (100/1 319) in southern, central and northern Anhui province, respectively. The prevalence rates of RLS in MHD patients in secondary and tertiary hospitals were 9.5% (55/577) and 8.6% (210/2 448), respectively. Proportion of hypertension, dialysis age, intact parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, 25(OH)D3, and proportions of secondary hyperparathyroidism, erythropoietin use, iron supplements, active vitamin D use, calcimimetic use, dialysis blood flow <250 ml/min and low-flux dialyzers in RLS group were higher than those in non-RLS group, while hemoglobin level and proportions of non-calcium-phosphorus binders and high-flux dialyzers were lower than those in non-RLS group (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that long dialysis age ( OR=1.188, 95% CI 1.031-1.369, P=0.017) and high alkaline phosphatase ( OR=1.007, 95% CI 1.001-1.013, P=0.047) were correlated with a higher risk of RLS in MHD patients. Conclusions:The prevalence rate of RLS in MHD patients in Anhui province is 8.8%. The prevalence rates of RLS in MHD patients in southern, central and northern Anhui province are 13.7%, 7.7% and 7.6%, respectively. The prevalence rate of RLS in secondary and tertiary hospitals are 9.5% and 8.6%, respectively. Long dialysis age and high alkaline phosphatase are associated with a high risk of RLS in MHD patients.

An explicit illustration of pulmonary delivery processes (PDPs) was a prerequisite for the formulation design and optimization of carrier-based DPIs. However, the current evaluation approaches for DPIs could not provide precise investigation of each PDP separately, or the approaches merely used a simplified and idealized model. In the present study, a novel modular modified Sympatec HELOS (MMSH) was developed to fully investigate the mechanism of each PDP separately in real-time. An inhaler device, artificial throat and pre-separator were separately integrated with a Sympatec HELOS. The dispersion and fluidization, transportation, detachment and deposition processes of pulmonary delivery for model DPIs were explored under different flow rates. Moreover, time-sliced measurements were used to monitor the PDPs in real-time. The Next Generation Impactor (NGI) was applied to determine the aerosolization performance of the model DPIs. The release profiles of the drug particles, drug aggregations and carriers were obtained by MMSH in real-time. Each PDP of the DPIs was analyzed in detail. Moreover, a positive correlation was established between the total release amount of drug particles and the fine particle fraction (FPF) values ( = 0.9898). The innovative MMSH was successfully developed and was capable of illustrating the PDPs and the mechanism of carrier-based DPIs, providing a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of carrier-based DPIs.

Objective To examine the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS),and to evaluate the relationship of OSA with inflammatory biomarkers in ACS patients.Methods Patients with ACS treated at Beijing Anzhen Hopital from June 2015 to May 2017 were enrolled.Subjects were evaluated for OSA by sleep study,and were divided into a normal-mild OSA group (Apnea Hypopnea Index,AHI ＜ 15 times/h) and a moderate-severe OSA group (AHI ≥ 15 times/h).Laboratory examination and sleep study were monitored to analyze the effects of OSA on biomarkers by LSD-t test,Mann-whitney U test,or Chi-square test.Correlation analysis was performed to analyze the association of OSA with high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) by Spearman correlation anaylsis.Results A cohort of 836 patients with ACS were enrolled including 408 patients in the normal-mild OSA group and 428 patients in the moderate-severe OSA group.The levels of leukocyte(x 109L) [7.78 (6.33,9.86) vs 7.29 (6.01,9.16),P=0.006],neutrophils(× 109L) [5.05 (3.84,7.23)vs 4.80 (3.74,6.66),P=0.044],monocytes(x 109L) [0.42 (0.33,0.54) vs 0.39 (0.31,0.51),P=0.033],hsCRP(mg/L) [3.18 (1.10,11.52) vs 1.78 (0.65,6.46),P＜0.01],fibrinogen(g/L) [3.17 (2.87,3.74) vs 2.97 (2.59,3.50),P=0.002],and uric acid(μmol/L) [360 (302,422) vs 341(283,407),P=0.006] in the moderatesevere OSA group were significant higher than those in the normal-mild OSA group.AHI (correlation coefficient=0.171,R2=0.020,P＜0.01),ODI (correlation coefficient =0.201,R2=0.027,P＜0.01),and TSaO2 ＜ 90％ (correlation coefficient =0.105,R2=0.005,P＜0.01) were positively correlated with hs-CRP;minimal SaO2 (correlation coefficient=-0.100,R2=0.001,P=0.008) and mean SaO2 (correlation coefficient =-0.127,R2=0.006,P＜0.01) were negatively correlated with hs-CRP.Conclusions For patients with ACS,the level of inflammatory markers in the moderate-severe OSA group is significantly higher than that in the normal-mild OSA group.Hs-CRP is significantly associated with the severity of OSA.Diagnosis and monitoring of OSA should be considered in ACS management in the future.

Objective: To explore the association between hypothyroidism and sleep breathing disorders in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: A total of 784 patients with CHD were consecutively enrolled at the Emergency & Critical Care Center of Beijing Anzhen Hospital from June 2015 to May 2017. According to thyroid function test results, patients were divided into hypothyroidism group (79 cases) and non-hypothyroidism group (705 cases). All patients had undergone sleep monitoring. The sleep apnea status was compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression models were used to analyze the association between hypothyroidism and sleep breathing disorders in patients with CHD. Results: The proportion of females, mean body weight and body mass index in the hypothyroidism group were higher than those in the non-hypothyroidism group [26.6% vs.16.2%, (78.6±11.6) kg vs. (75.7±12.0) kg, (27.7±3.2) kg/m² vs. (26.6±3.5) kg/m², all P<0.05]. Patients in hypothyroidism group had a decreased average oxygen saturation (SaO₂) compared with patients in non-hypothyroidism group [ (93.2±2.9) % vs. (93.9±2.0) %, P=0.030]. In addition, events of hypoventilation in hypothyroidism group were significantly higher than those in non-hypothyroidism group[92.5 (45.8, 758.3) times vs. 68.0 (33.0, 125.0) times, P=0.013]. There were no significant differences in apnea hypopnea index, diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea and other sleep breathing parameters between the two groups (P>0.05). A multiple linear regression analysis found that in patients with CHD, the correlation between hypothyroidism and average sleep SaO₂ was significant (β=-0.508, 95%CI -0.989--0.026, P=0.039). Conclusions: CHD patients with hypothyroidism had a lower sleep average SaO₂, and a higher sleep hypopnea events. There is a correlation between hypothyroidism and sleep hypoxia in patients with CHD. Clinical trial registration clinicalTrials.gov, NCT03362385.

Objective: To investigate the impact of moderate/severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction. Methods: We prospectively selected patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who were hospitalized at the Emergency Critical Care Center of Beijing Anzhen Hospital from June 2015 to May 2017. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were examined with portable sleep respiration monitoring. Patients were divided into moderate/severe OSA group (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)≥15 beats/hour) and no/mild OSA group (AHI<15 beats/hour) according to sleep AHI. The incidence of major adverse cerebrovascular events (MACCE) after discharge was compared between the two groups, and the independent risk factors of MACCE were analyzed. Results: A total of 432 patients were enrolled in this study, including 211 moderate/severe OSA patients (48.8%). Compared with no/mild OSA group,patients with moderate/severe OSA had higher body mass index ((27.17±3.22) kg/m² vs. (25.55±3.44) kg/m², t=-5.033,P<0.001), higher proportion of history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (18.5%(39/211) vs. 8.6%(19/221), χ²=9.076,P=0.003), and higher proportion of 3-vessel disease (31.3%(66/211) vs. 24.9%(55/221), χ²=10.196,P=0.017). The median follow-up time was 1.0 (0.7, 1.7) years. The incidence of MACCE in the moderate/severe OSA and no/mild group was 19.9%(42/211) and 11.3%(25/221), respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a higher cumulative risk of MACCE in patients with moderate/severe OSA (log-rank test,χ²=5.467, P=0.019). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that moderate/severe OSA (HR=1.915, 95%CI 1.016-3.611, P=0.045) and diabetes mellitus (HR=1.819, 95%CI 1.022-3.238, P=0.042) were independent risk factors for MACCE at 1 year post discharge in patients with AMI. Conclusions: Nearly half of AMI patients are complicated with moderate/severe OSA in this patient cohort. Coronary artery disease is more severe in AMI patients complicating with moderate/severe OSA. Moderate/severe OSA is an independent risk factor for MACCE at 1 year after discharge in patients with AMI. Whether the prognosis of AMI can be improved by intervention of OSA remains to be investigated. Trial Registration Clinical Trial.gov, NCT03362385.

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) level andischemic stroke and its etiological subtypes. Methods The consecutive inpatients with acute ischemic stroke (case group) and age-and sex-matched healthy subjects (control group) over the same period were enrolled retrospectively. The demographic and baseline clinical data, as well as fasting blood glucose, fibrinogen,homocysteine, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-densitylipoprotein cholesterol, low -density lipoprotein cholesterol, and Lp(a) concentration of the case group and the control group were collected. According to TOAST classification criteria, the patients in the case group were divided into large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), small artery occlusion (SAO) and cardioembolism (CE), and the patients with other determined etiology and undetermined etiology were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to make clear the correlation between serum Lp(a) and acute ischemic stroke and its etiological subtypes. Results A total of 214 patients with ischemic stroke were enrolled. Ninety-seven had LAA (45.33%), 64 (29.91%) had SAO, and 53 (24.77%) had CE. There were 118 subjects in the control group. There were significant differences in the proportions of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation and alcohol consumption, as well as systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low -density lipoprotein cholesterol, Lp(a), fibrinogen, and homocysteine between the case group and the control group (all P <0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after adjustment for age and sex, Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke (odds ratio [OR] 2.014, 95% confidence interval [CI ] 1.273-3.092, P = 0.036). The independent risk factors for LAA included hypertension (OR 3.353, 95% CI 1.714-6.558, P = 0.001), systolic blood pressure ( OR 2.786, 95% CI 1.136-5.538, P =0.016), homocysteine ( OR 1.108, 95% CI 1.031-2.191, P = 0.005), total cholesterol (OR 2.169, 95% CI 1.599-4.943, P = 0.001), low -density lipoprotein cholesterol ( OR2.782, 95% CI 1.093-5.238, P =0.024), and Lp(a) (OR 3.072, 95% CI 1.907-8.064, P =0.001). Theindependent risk factors for SAO included hypertension ( OR 7.042, 95% CI 3.189-25.55, P =0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR 5.162, 95% CI 2.372-11.23, P =0.001), fibrinogen (OR 1.667, 95% CI 1.434-2.025, P = 0.045), and homocysteine (OR 1.967, 95% CI 1.859-1.995, P =0.036). The independent risk factors for CE included atrial fibrillation (OR 13.340, 95% CI 4.637-39.20, P = 0.001), fibrinogen (OR 2.365, 95% CI 1.147- 4.904, P =0.029), and Lp(a) (OR 1.656, 95% CI 1.996-3.001, P = 0.035). Conclusions Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke, and can be used as a serum biomarker for predicting the risk of the onset of ischemic stroke. There are differences in independent risk factors between the different stroke etiological subtypes. Lp(a) is independently associated with LAA and CE; however, it has no independent correlation with SAO.

Objective Hypertension is a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease .However , a lot of hyper-tension patients hold inactive attitudes to hypertension treatment .The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between previous treatment of hypertension and stroke severity in acute ischemic stroke . Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 653 in-hospital ischemic stroke patients with hypertension between January 2011 and December 2014 .According to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at admission, the stroke patients were divided into a mild group (NIHSS≤3) and a severe group (NIHSS >3) and, based on their history of hypertension treatment , allocated to a regular treatment, an irregular treatment, a non-treatment , and an unawareness group .We studied the relationship of previous hypertension treatment with stroke severity by Spearman correlation analysis and identified the potential factors associated with stroke severity by multivariate logistic regression anal-ysis. Results Previous treatment of hypertension was positively correlated with stroke severity (r=0.146, P=0.000 2).Compared with the patients of the regular treatment group , those in the irregular treatment group (OR: 2.21; 95%CI:1.39 -3.52; P =0.001), non-treatment group ( OR: 2.18; 95%CI: 1.41 -3.36; P =0.0004) and unawareness group (OR:1.80;95%CI:1.12-2.88; P=0.015) tended to have more severe stroke. Conclusion Previous treatment of hypertension is closely related to the severity of ischemic stroke .