Objective:To evaluate the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) coupling in remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats.Methods:Forty clean-grade healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 240-260 g, aged 2-3 months, were divided into 4 groups ( n=10 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), remifentanil group (group R), nNOS-NOS1AP inhibitor ZLc002 group (group C+ Z) and remifentanil + ZLc002 group (group R+ Z). Normal saline was intravenously infused at a rate of 0.1 ml·kg -1·min -1 for 60 min in C group. Remifentanil was intravenously infused at a rate of 1.0 μg·kg -1·min -1 for 60 min in R group. ZLc002 10 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected for 3 consecutive days, and then normal saline 0.1 ml·kg -1·min -1 and remifentanil 1.0 μg·kg -1·min -1 were intravenously infused for 60 min in C+ Z group and R+ Z group. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 24 h before intravenous infusion and 6, 24 and 48 h after intravenous infusion (T 0-3). All the rats were sacrificed after the last measurement of pain thresholds, and the L 4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expression of nNOS, NOS1AP and Dexamethasone-induced Ras-related protein 1 (Dexras1) protein and mRNA using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nitrosylated proteins were extracted by biotin conversion for determination of the expression of nNOS, NOS1AP and total and nitrosylated Dexras1 (by Western blot) and co-expression of nNOS-NOS1AP (by co-immunoprecipitation). The content of NO in the spinal cord was measured. Results:Compared with group C, the MWT was significantly decreased, and the TWL was shortened at T 1-3, the expression of nNOS and NOS1AP protein and mRNA was up-regulated, the co-expression of nNOS-NOS1AP and NO production were increased, and the expression of nitrosylated Dexras1 was up-regulated in group R ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in each aforementioned parameter in group C+ Z ( P>0.05). Compared with group R, the MWT was significantly increased, and the TWL was prolonged at T 1-3, the co-expression of nNOS-NOS1AP and NO production were decreased, the expression of nitrosylated Dexras1 was down-regulated ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the expression of nNOS and NOS1AP protein and mRNA in group R+ Z ( P>0.05). There were no significant differences in total Dexras1 protein and mRNA expression among the four groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The mechanism by which remifentanil induces hyperalgesia may be related to up-regulating the expression of nNOS and NOS1AP in the spinal cord, promoting interaction between nNOS and NOS1AP and mediating NO generation and Dexras1 nitrosylation modification in rats.

Objective:To evaluate the role of Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) in hydrogen-induced alleviation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-caused damage to pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell(PMVEC) barrier function in mice.Methods:PMVECs were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin until 4-6 passage. These cells were divided into 6 groups ( n=36 each) using a random number table method: control group (group A), hydrogen-rich medium group (group B), LPS group (group C), LPS + hydrogen-rich medium group (group D), LPS + RhoA inhibitor C3 enzyme group (group E) and LPS + hydrogen-rich medium + RhoA agonist U-46619 group (group F). Cells were cultured within normal medium in group A, group C and group E and within hydrogen-rich medium in group B, group D and group F. LPS at a final concentration of 1 μg/ml was simultaneously added in group C, group D, group E and group F. C3 enzyme at a final concentration of 3 μg/ml was added at 2 h before addition of LPS in group E. U-46619 at a final concentration of 10 mg/ml was added at 3 h before addition of LPS in group F. The expression of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and occludin was determined by Western blot at 6, 12 and 24 h after incubation with LPS. At 24 h after incubation with LPS, the release rate of LDH was measured by LDH method, cell viability was measured by MTT method, and the activity of RhoA was determined by GST pull-down method. Results:Compared with group A, the expression of VE-cadherin and occludin was significantly down-regulated at 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation, the cell viability was decreased at 24 h of incubation, and the release rate of LDH and activity of RhoA were increased in group C ( P<0.05). Compared with group C, the expression of VE-cadherin and occludin was significantly up-regulated at 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation, the cell viability was increased at 24 h of incubation, and the release rate of LDH and activity of RhoA were decreased in group D ( P<0.05). Compared with group C, the expression of VE-cadherin and occludin was significantly up-regulated at 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation, the cell viability was increased at 24 h of incubation, and the release rate of LDH and activity of RhoA were decreased in group E ( P<0.05). Compared with group D, the expression of VE-cadherin and occludin was significantly down-regulated at 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation, the cell viability was decreased at 24 h of incubation, and the release rate of LDH and activity of RhoA were increased in group F ( P<0.05). Conclusions:RhoA is involved in hydrogen-induced alleviation of LPS-caused damage to PMVEC barrier function in mice.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between S-nitrosylation of spinal divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) modification and mechanism of remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats.Methods:Forty pathogen-free healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 2-3 months, weighing 240-260 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=10 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), remifentanil group (group R), L-NAME group (group C+ L) and remifentanil+ L-NAME group (group R+ L). Normal saline was infused at a rate of 0.1 ml·kg -1·min -1 for 60 min via the caudal vein in C group. Remifentanil was infused at a rate of 1.0 μg·kg -1·min -1 for 60 min via the caudal vein in R group. L-NAME 30 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected, and 10 min later normal saline was infused at a rate of 0.1 ml·kg -1·min -1 for 60 min in C+ L group. L-NAME 30 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected, and 10 min later remifentanil was infused at a rate of 1.0 μg·kg -1·min -1 for 60 min in R+ L group. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 24 h before iv infusion and 6, 24 and 48 h after the end of infusion (T 0-3). All the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia after the last measurement of pain thresholds, and the L 4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expression of neuronal nitric oxide sythases (nNOS) and DMT1 mRNA (using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction), extraction of nitrosylated proteins (by biotin switch assay), expression of nNOS, total DMT1 and S-nitrosylation of DMT1 (by Western blot), nitric oxide (NO) content (by spectrophotometry) and iron content (using atomic absorption spectrophotometer). Results:Compared with group C, the MWT was significantly decreased, and the TWL was shortened at T 1-3 in group R ( P<0.05), and the expression of nNOS protein and mRNA and S-nitrosylation of DMT1 was significantly up-regulated, and contents of NO and iron were increased in R and R+ L groups ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in each index in group C+ L ( P>0.05). Compared with group R, the MWT was significantly increased, and the TWL was prolonged at T 1-3, and the expression of nNOS protein and mRNA and S-nitrosylation of DMT1 was down-regulated, and contents of NO and iron were decreased in group R+ L ( P<0.05). Compared with group C+ L, the MWT was significantly decreased, and the TWL was shortened at T 1-3, and the expression of nNOS protein and mRNA and S-nitrosylation of DMT1 was up-regulated, and the contents of NO and iron were increased in group R+ L ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the expression of DMT1 mRNA and total DMT1 in spinal cord among all the groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Activation of nNOS induces an increase in NO generation in the spinal cord and mediates the S-nitrosylation of DMT1, which may be related to the mechanism of remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats.

【Objective】 To explore the distribution of ApoE polymorphism in Shaanxi province and its correlation with lipid level and coronary heart disease type. 【Methods】 ApoE genotypes in the whole blood of 11 533 patients with cardiovascular diseases admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from January 2019 to December 2019 were detected by PCR-fluorescent probe method. Then 3 884 patients with coronary heart disease were selected to detect the lipid level and classified for the analysis of ApoE polymorphism. 【Results】 The proportion of E2/E2, E2/E3, E3/E3, E2/E4, E4/E4 and E3/E4 was 0.69%, 11.66%, 70.31%, 1.17%, 0.83% and 15.34%, respectively. E3 genotype was the highest (71.48%), followed by E4 (16.17%), and E2 was the least (12.35%). There was no statistical difference in the distribution of ApoE polymorphism in patients with cardiovascular disease accompanied with or without coronary heart disease. Compared with those of E2, the total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels of E3 and E4 increased significantly (P<0.001). Compared with that of E3 type, triglyceride (TG) level of E2 type and E4 type increased (P<0.050). The genotype of ApoE was correlated with the type of coronary heart disease (P<0.001). The genotype of ApoE was significantly different from that of stable and unstable angina pectoris in ischemic cardiomyopathy (P<0.001), but not statistically different from that of acute myocardial infarction (P>0.008 3). 【Conclusion】 The polymorphism of ApoE in Shaanxi is mainly E3 type, and there is no statistical difference in the distribution of coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases. ApoE gene polymorphism is correlated with blood lipid level and coronary heart disease, but the relationship with different types of coronary heart disease needs to be further determined.

Objective To evaluate the effect of remifentanil on iron metabolism in spinal dorsal horn neurons of rats.Methods The primary spinal dorsal horn neurons of rats were seeded in the culture plate at a density of 2× 105 cells/well and divided into 4 groups using a random number table method:control group (C group,n=40),remifentanil group (R group,n=40),divalent metal transporter 1 without iron-responsive element [DMT1 (-) IRE] siRNA group (siRNA group,n=32) and DMT1 (-) IRE siRNA plus remifentanil group (siRNA+R group,n=32).siRNA and siRNA+R groups were subjected to DMT1 (-) IRE siRNA transfection on day 3 of culture.R and siRNA+R groups were incubated for 60 min in the solution with remifentanil at a final concentration of 40 nmol/L.The contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Fe2+ were determined by fluorescent probe method,the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was detected by TBA method,and the content of labile iron pool (LIP) was detected by calcein AM and iron chelator at the end of incubation with remifentanil in R and siRNA+R groups and at the corresponding time points in the other groups.The expression of DMT1 (-) IRE and DMT1 (+) IRE was determined by Westem blot in C and R groups.Results Compared with C group,the expression of DMT1 (-) IRE in the spinal dorsal horn neurons was significantly up-regulated,the contents of Fe2+,LIP,ROS and MDA were increased (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the expression of DMT1 (+) IRE in R group (P＞0.05).Compared with R group,the contents of Fe2+,LIP,ROS and MDA in the spinal dorsal horn neurons were significantly decreased in siRNA+R group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Remifentanil increases the iron content of spinal dorsal horn neurons by activating DMT1 (-) IRE,which may be associated with the mechanism of remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia in rats.

Objective To evaluate the changes in the expression of artemin in skin around the inci-sion during remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in the rats with incisional pain. Methods Thirty-two healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 10-12 weeks, weighing 250-280 g, were divided into 4 groups (n = 8 each) using a random number table: control group (group C), incisional pain group (group I), remifen-tanil group (group R) and incisional pain plus remifentanil group (group I+R). Remifentanil was intrave-nously infused for 60 min at a rate of 1 μg·kg-1 ·min-1 in group R. In group I, the model of incisional pain was established, and the equal volume of normal saline was infused for 60 min via the tail vein at the same time. In group I+R, the model of incisional pain was established, and remifentanil was infused for 60 min via the tail vein at a rate of 1 μg·kg-1 ·min-1 at the same time. The equal volume of normal saline was infused for 60 min via the tail vein in group C. Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and ther-mal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 24 h before infusion of remifentanil or normal saline and 2, 6, 24 and 48 h after the end of infusion (T0-4 ). Rats were sacrificed following the last measurement of pain threshold, and ipsilateral plantar skin was removed for detection of the expression of artemin protein and mRNA (by fluorescent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or Western blot). Results Compared with group C, MWT was significantly decreased and TWL was shorten at T1-4 , and the expression of artemin protein and mRNA in plantar skin was up-regulated in R, I and I+R groups (P<0. 01). Compared with R and I groups, MWT was significantly decreased and TWL was shorten at T1-4 , and the ex-pression of artemin protein and mRNA in plantar skin was up-regulated in group I+R (P<0. 01). Conclu-sion The peripheral mechanism by which remifentanil induces hyperalgesia may be related to up-regulated expression of artemin in skin around the incision in the rats with incisional pain.

Objective To evaluate the role of spinal C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCRS) in remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats with incisional pain.Methods Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 240-260 g,aged 2-3 months,in which intrathecal and caudal catheters were successfully implanted,were divided into 4 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),CCR5 antagonist maraviroc group (group M),remifentanil plus incisional pain group (group R + I) and maraviroc plus remifentanil plus incisional pain group (group M + R + I).Phosphate buffer solution (PBS) 10 μl was intrathecally injected and normal saline was infused for 60 rnin at 1 μg · kg-1 · min-1 via the caudal vein in group C.Maraviroc 100 pmol (in 10 μl of PBS) was intrathecally injected and normal saline was infused for 60 min at 1 μg · kg-1 · min-1 via the caudal vein in group M.PBS 10 μl was intrathecally injected,then the model of incisional pain was established,and remifentanil 1 μg · kg-1 · min-1 was infused for 60 min via the caudal vein in group R+I.Maraviroc 100 pmol (in 10 μl of PBS) was intrathecally injected,then the model of incisional pain was established,and remifentanil 1 μg · kg-1 · min-1 was infused for 60 min via the caudal vein in group M+R+I.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 24 h before infusion of remifentanil or normal saline (T0) and 2,6,24 and 48 h after stopping infusion (T1-4).The rats were sacrificed after the last measurement of pain threshold,and L4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calciumbinding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1) by Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the MWT was significantly decreased and TWL was shortened at T1-4,and the expression of GFAP and Iba-1 in the spinal cord was up-regulated in R+I and M+R+I groups (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group M (P＞0.05).Compared with group R+I,the MWT was significantly increased and TWL was prolonged at T1-4,and the expression of GFAP and Iba-1 in the spinal cord was down-regulated in group M+R+I (P＜0.05).Conclusion Spinal CCR5 is involved in remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in the rats with incisional pain,and the mechanism may be related to activating astrocytes and microglias.

Objective To investigate the relationship remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia and func-tion of nitrated glutamate transportor-1 ( GLT-1) and glutamine synthetase ( GS) in the spinal cord of rats with incisional pain. Methods Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 260-280 g, aged 2-3 months, in which caudal catheters were successfully implanted, were divided into 4 groups (n=8 each) u-sing a random number table method: control group ( group C) , incisional pain group ( group I) , remifen-tanil group ( group R) and remifentanil plus incisional pain group ( group RI) . Normal saline was intrave-nously infused for 60 min at 0. 1 ml · kg-1 · min-1 in group C. The model of incisional pain was estab-lished, and normal saline was simultaneously infused for 60 min via the tail vein at 0. 1 ml·kg-1 ·min-1 in group I. Remifentanil was infused for 60 min via the tail vein at 1. 0 μg· kg-1 ·min-1 in group R. The model of incisional pain was established, and remifentanil was infused for 60 min via the tail vein at 1. 0μg· kg-1 ·min-1 in group RI. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold ( MWT) and thermal paw with-drawal latency ( TWL) were measured at 24 h before infusion of remifentanil or normal saline ( T0 ) and at 2, 6, 24 and 48 h after infusion ( T1-4 ) . The rats were sacrificed after the last measuremnet of pain thresh-old, and the L4-6 segment of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of GLT-1 and GS (by Western blot) and expression of nitrated GLT-1 (nGLT-1) and nitrated GS (nGS) (by Western blot) . Ratios of nGLT-1∕GLT-1 and nGS∕GS were calculated. Results Compared with group C, the MWT was significantly decreased and TWL was shortened at T1-4 , the expression of GLT-1 and GS was down-regu-lated, the expression of nGLT-1 and nGS was up-regulated, and ratios of nGLT-1∕GLT-1 and nGS∕GS were increased in I, R and RI groups ( P<0. 05) . Compared with group I and group R, the MWT was signifi-cantly decreased and TWL was shortened at T1-4 , the expression of GLT-1 and GS was down-regulated, the expression of nGLT-1 and nGS was up-regulated, and ratios of nGLT-1∕GLT-1 and nGS∕GS were increased in group RI ( P<0. 05) . Conclusion The mechanism of remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia may be related to impaired function of GLT-1 and GS in the spinal cord of rats with incisional pain.

Objective To evaluate the effects of different ratios of medicine dosage for sevoflurane and propofol on postoperative cognitive function in aged rats.Methods Sixty healthy male Wistar rats,aged 18-20 months,weighing 600-650 g,were divided into 6 groups (n =10 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),sevoflurane anesthesia group (group S),propofol anesthesia group (group P) and different ratios of mmedicine dosage for sevoflurane and propofol groups (group SP1,group SP2 and group SP3).Normal saline 10 ml was infused intravenously in group C.Group S inhaled 3.1％ sevoflurane.Propofol was infused intravenously at a rate of 40 mg · kg-1 · h-1 in group P.In group SP1,2.4％ sevoflurane was inhaled,and propofol was intravenously infused at a rate of 10 mg · kg-1 · h-1.In group SP2,1.8％ sevoflurane was inhaled,and propofol was intravenously infused at a rate of 20 mng · kg-1 · h-1.In group SP3,1.2％ sevoflurane was inhaled,and propofol was intravenously infused at a rate of 30 mg · kg-1 · h-1.Duration of anesthesia was 2 h in all the groups.After loss of righting reflex,open reduction and internal fixation was performed after tibial fracture was induced in the other five groups except group C.At 1 day after anesthesia,Y-maze test was performed,and the time spent on the novel arm and total number of entries into each arm were recorded,and fear conditioning test was carried out for determination of the rate of freezing time to reflect the cognitive function.The rats were sacrificed after behavioral testing,and the hippocampus was removed for determination of occludin,matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 expression by Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the time spent on the novel arm was significantly shortened,the total number of entries into each arm and rate of freezing time were decreased,the expression of occludin was down-regulated,the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was up-regulated in the other five groups,and the most unmarked change in the indices mentioned above was found in group SP2 (P＜ 0.05 or 0.01).Conclusion Different ratios of medicine dosage for sevoflurane and propofol can induce postoperative cognitive decline,and inhaling 1.8％ sevoflurane and infusing propofol 20 mg · kg-1 · h-1 produce little influence on postoperative cognitive function in aged rats.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between cold hyperalgesia and trafficking of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) to cell membrane in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of rats with neuropathic pain (NP).Methods Ninety-six healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 10-12 weeks,weighing 250-280 g,were divided into sham operation group (S group,n=48) and NP group (n =48) using a random number table.NP was produced by chronic constriction injury to the sciatic nerve.The number of paw lifts on the cold plate and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) were measured on 1 day before operation and 1,4,7,10 and 14 days after operation.Rats were sacrificed after behavioral testing,and ipsilateral DRGs of the lumbar segment (L46) were dissected tor detection of the expression of TRPM8 in total and membrane proteins by Western blot,and the ratio of TRPM8 expression in the membrane protein to that in the total protein (m/t ratio) was calculated.Results Compared with group S,the number of paw lifts on the cold plate was significantly increased,the MWT was decreased,the expression of TRPM8 in total and membrane proteins was up-regulated,and m/t ratio was increased on postoperative days 4,7,10 and 14 in group NP (P＜0.05 or 0.01).In group NP,the number of paw lifts on the cold plate was gradually increased with the prolongation of time after operation and reached the peak on postoperative day 10,maintaining at the peak until postoperative day 14;the MWT was gradually decreased and reached the lowest level on postoperative day 10,maintaining at the lowest level until postoperative day 14;the expression of TRPM8 in total and membrane proteins and m/t ratio were gradually increased with the prolongation of time after operation and reached the peak on postoperative day 10,maintaining at the peak level until postoperative day 14 (P＜0.01).Conclusion The mechanism underlying the development of cold hyperalgesia is related to enhanced trafficking of TRPM8 to cell membrane in DRGs of rats with NP.