OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect of root canal obturation therapy using cold flowable gutta-percha on young permanent teeth after apexification. METHODS: Ninety cases of young permanent teeth with pulp necrosis or periapical periodontitis treated by apexification were randomly divided into two groups. The cases in each group were divided into single root canal and multiple root canal according to the number of the root canal, and divided into classifications Ⅰ, and Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ according to Frank's classification of root development after apexification. Cold flowable gutta-percha and warm gutta-percha obturation techniques were used for root canal obturation of the two groups. The operation time was recorded, and the patients' therapy pain degree was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) immediately after operation. Periapical X-ray was performed after operation to evaluate the effect of the root canal filling. The total length of the root was divided into equal three parts on the X-ray film, and three-dimensional tightness of the apical, middle, and coronal region of the root canals were statistically analyzed respectively. Clinical examinations and X-ray examination were performed 6 and 12 months after the operation to evaluate the treatment success rate. RESULTS: The operation time of cold flowable gutta-percha group was significantly lower than that of the control group, which were 51 s and 74 s (P < 0.05); The percentages of pain and discomfort in the two groups were 26.67% and 40.00%, respectively. There were two cases of underfilling and no overfilling in both groups. The percentages of proper filling and tight three-dimensional obturation in the experimental and control groups were 71.11% and 60.00% respectively; and the percentages of tight three-dimensional obturation in the apical third areas were 86.67% and 66.67%, the difference was significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the three-dimensional tightness between the two groups in the middle and coronal third areas. The percentages of tight three-dimensional obturation in classification Ⅰ groups were 86.67%, 83.33%, 93.33% and 76.67%, 90.00%, 96.67% in experimental and control group, respectively; The percentages of classification Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ groups were 86.67%, 86.67%, 100.00% and 46.67%, 86.67%, 100.00%, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). There were no apical lesions that occurred in either group during the one-year review period. CONCLUSION The application of cold flowable gutta-percha on young permanent teeth root canal obturation after apexification can achieve good obturation effect. The root obturation effect in the apical third area is significantly better than that of warm gutta-percha obturation techniques. Cold flowable gutta-percha can shorten the clinical treatment time and ameliorate the patients' therapy comfort.
Apexification ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Gutta-Percha ; Humans ; Radiography ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Root Canal Obturation ; Root Canal Preparation

Conservative Treatment ; Dens in Dente/therapy* ; Humans ; Incisor ; Periapical Periodontitis/therapy* ; Root Canal Filling Materials

Compared with cold lateral condensation and continuous wave of condensation which are classically used in clinical, newly emerging single-cone obturation technique is easy-to-operate as well as time-saving. Especially when combined with bioceramic root canal sealers of improved physicochemical and biological properties, single-cone obturation technique showed satisfactory short-term outcomes in clinical observations. However, difficulties still exist in avoiding the root canal overfilling and in operating the retreatment. Besides, the long-term effects of single-cone obturation with bioceramic sealers still remain unclear. This article makes an overview on the history and development of single-cone obturation ,and provides analysis of its pros and corns. Furthermore, we would also like to summarize its clinical application and look into its future improvements.
Epoxy Resins/chemistry* ; Gutta-Percha/chemistry* ; Retreatment ; Root Canal Filling Materials/therapeutic use* ; Root Canal Obturation/methods* ; Root Canal Therapy

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three methods in root canal retreatment to remove the filling material in the root canals. METHODS: Ninety tooth roots filled by gutta percha or plasticized material (n=45, each) were randomly divided into three groups (n=15). WaveOne (WaveOne group), 1^#P drill+WaveOne (1^#P+WaveOne group), and ultrasound P5 working end ET25+ProTaper Universal (P5+ProTaper Universal group) were used to remove the root canal filling material and prepare for root canal. The operating time of each canal was recorded and the percentage of residual filling material area was measured on the root canal wall of the mesial and distal dissected root section. The degree of deviation of the root canal after operation was measured for the root samples filled by gutta percha. RESULTS: The type of root filling material and the method of root canal retreatment had no significant effect on the percentage of residual area of the filling material (P>0.05). However, the remaining filling material area of apical 1/3 of the root canal was significantly higher than that of cervical 1/3 of the root canal (P<0.05). The average operating times for removing gutta-percha or plasticized material in the W and 1^#P+WaveOne groups were significantly less than that in the P5+ProTaper Universal group (P=0.000). The root canal retreatment methods had no significant effect on the curvature of the root canal (P=0.650). CONCLUSIONS WaveOne single file's cleaning ability and center positioning ability were similar to those of ProTaper Universal. Moreover, WaveOne can be independently used for most root canals without a pathway when removing the root canal fillings, thereby simplifying the process of root canal retreatment.
Equipment Design ; Gutta-Percha ; Nickel ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Root Canal Preparation/methods* ; Titanium

OBJECTIVES: The safety of root canal filling with 200 °C hot gutta-percha was investigated to study the effect of continuous wave technique combined with high-temperature injectable gutta-percha condensation technique on the surface temperature of periodontal tissue. METHODS: CT technique and Mimics, Geomagic, and Solidworks software were utilized to build the entity models of alveolar bone, dentin and root canal, periodontal ligament, and blood flow, respectively, which were then assembled in Solidworks into a finite element model of tooth with blood flow. By utilizing ABAQUS collaborative simulation platform, fluid-structure coupling was analyzed on the whole process of root canal filling. Consequently, the surface temperature of the periodontal tissue was obtained. RESULTS: In the absence of blood flow, the temperature of the periodontal ligament surface reached 50.048 ℃ during root canal filling with 200 ℃ gutta-percha. Considering blood flow, the temperature of periodontal ligament surface was 39.570 ℃. CONCLUSIONS The temperature of the periodontal ligament surface increased when the continuous wave root canal was filled with 200 ℃ gutta-percha, and the periodontal tissue was not damaged.
Dental Pulp Cavity ; Finite Element Analysis ; Gutta-Percha ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Periodontium ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Root Canal Obturation ; Temperature

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the outcome of endodontic microsurgery and analyze the potential prognostic factors, and to evaluate the value of surgical classification by Kim and Kratchman. METHODS: Collecting clinical examination and radiographical examination of endodontic microsurgery cases (which were followed up at least 1 year), which were classified according to Kim and Kratchman, and we analyzed the outcome of endodontic microsurgery and its potential prognostic factors. RESULTS: 302 patients (400 teeth) who received endodontic microsurgery were included. The one year success rate of endodontic microsurgery was 94.25%. Different classification had significant influences on the outcome of endodontic microsurgery ( CONCLUSIONS Endodontic microsurgery is an effective treatment method for saving affected teeth, and it can get a good result. Tooth position and classification are the potential prognostic factors. The surgical classification of Kim and Kratchman can help to predict the outcome of endodontic microsurgery.
Humans ; Microsurgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Root Canal Therapy ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the bond strength of various fiberglass post cementation techniques using different resin-based composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The roots from a total of 100 bovine incisors were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups: G1, post + Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) + RelyX ARC luting agent; G2, relined post (Filtek Z250) + SBMP + RelyX ARC; G3, individualized post (Filtek Z250) + SBMP; G4, individualized post (Filtek Bulk-Fill) + SBMP; G5, individualized post (Filtek Bulk-Fill Flow) + SBMP. The samples were subjected to the push-out (n = 10) and pull-out (n = 10) bond strength tests. Data from the push-out bond strength test were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Bonferroni post hoc test, and data from the pull-out bond strength test were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The data for push-out bond strength presented higher values for G2 and G5, mainly in the cervical and middle thirds, and the data from the apical third showed a lower mean push-out bond strength in all groups. No significant difference was noted for pull-out bond strength among all groups. The most frequent failure modes observed were adhesive failure between dentine and resin and mixed failure. CONCLUSIONS: Fiberglass post cementation using restorative and flowable bulk-fill composites with the individualization technique may be a promising alternative to existing methods of post cementation.
Adhesives ; Cementation ; Composite Resins ; Dental Cements ; Dentin ; In Vitro Techniques ; Incisor ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Tooth Root

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the amount of remaining root canal filling materials after retreatment procedures performed by undergraduate students using manual, rotary, and reciprocating techniques through micro-computed tomographic analysis. The incidence of instrument fracture and the instrumentation time were also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty maxillary single rooted teeth were prepared with Reciproc R25 files and filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer by the continuous wave of condensation technique. Then, the specimens were assigned to 3 groups (n = 10), according to the retreatment technique used: manual, rotary, and reciprocating groups, which used K-file, Mtwo retreatment file, and Reciproc file, respectively. Retreatments were performed by undergraduate students. The sample was scanned after root canal filling and retreatment procedures, and the images of the canals were examined to quantify the amount of remaining filling material. The incidence of instrument fracture and the instrumentation time were recorded. RESULTS: Remaining filling material was observed in all specimens regardless of the technique used. The mean volume of remaining material was significantly lower in the Reciproc group than in the manual K-file and Mtwo retreatment groups (p < 0.05). The time required to achieve a satisfactory removal of canal filling material and refinement was significantly lower in the Mtwo retreatment and Reciproc groups (p < 0.05) when compared to the manual K-file group. No instrument fracture was observed in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Reciproc was the most effective instrument in the removal of canal fillings after retreatments performed by undergraduate students.
Dental Pulp Cavity ; Endodontics ; Gutta-Percha ; Humans ; Incidence ; Retreatment ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Tooth ; X-Ray Microtomography

Perforations are common complications of root canal therapy. In clinic, perforations that were improperly and untimely repaired can seriously affect the prognosis of teeth after root canal treatment. At present, the status of perforation repair in our country is worrisome. This paper focused on the progress of perforation repair in the country by discussing the current situation of repair methods and materials. This review aims to improve knowledge and aid clinical doctors in the sophistication of perforation repair in order to improve the retention rate of root-canal-treated teeth.
Drug Combinations ; Root Canal Filling Materials ; Root Canal Therapy ; adverse effects ; Tooth Root

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an advanced diagnostic tool used in both medicine and dentistry. Since it functions based on a strong uniform static magnetic field and radiofrequency pulses, it is advantageous over imaging techniques that rely on ionizing radiation. Unfortunately, the magnetic field and radiofrequency pulses generated within the magnetic resonance imager interact unfavorably with dental materials that have magnetic properties. This leads to unwanted effects such as artifact formation, heat generation, and mechanical displacement. These are a potential source of damage to the oral tissue surrounding the affected dental materials. This review aims to compile, based on the current available evidence, recommendations for dentists and radiologists regarding the safety and appropriate management of dental materials during MRI in patients with orthodontic appliances, maxillofacial prostheses, dental implants, direct and indirect restorative materials, and endodontic materials.
Artifacts ; Clothing ; Dental Alloys ; Dental Implants ; Dental Materials* ; Dentistry ; Dentists ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Magnetic Fields ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Maxillofacial Prosthesis ; Orthodontic Appliances ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Root Canal Filling Materials