Neonates are susceptible to respiratory viral infections, with outbreaks reported in areas with a high population of neonates, such as postpartum care centers and neonatal wards. While specific antiviral drugs are currently available for influenza, symptomatic supportive treatment remains the primary approach for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), making prevention particularly important. The article closely follows the "Expert recommendations for the prevention of common respiratory viral infections in neonates" and provides an in-depth interpretation of recent breakthroughs in RSV prevention. It discusses the physiological and immunological characteristics of neonates, the disease burden and transmission routes of RSV infection, the main clinical manifestations and long-term effects of RSV infection in neonates, as well as specific preventive measures against RSV and practical recommendations and prevention experiences for RSV from abroad to lay a foundation for RSV prevention and control in neonates in China.
Humans ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/transmission* ; Infant, Newborn ; Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control*

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the Orthopneumovirus  genus of the Pneumoviridae family in the order Mononegavirales. RSV can cause acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections, sometimes with extrapulmonary complications. The disease burden of RSV infection is enormous, mainly affecting infants and older adults aged 75 years or above. Currently, treatment options for RSV are largely supportive. Prevention strategies remain a critical focus, with efforts centered on vaccine development and the use of prophylactic monoclonal antibodies. To date, three RSV vaccines have been approved for active immunization among individuals aged 60 years and above. For children who are not eligible for these vaccines, passive immunization is recommended. A newly approved prophylactic monoclonal antibody, Nirsevimab, which offers enhanced neutralizing activity and an extended half-life, provides exceptional protection for high-risk infants and young children. This review provides a comprehensive and detailed exploration of RSV's virology, immunology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, treatment options, and prevention strategies.
Humans ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control* ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/pathogenicity* ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/pathogenicity* ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use*

Humans ; Child ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control*

HPV vaccination is the most effective way for preventing the cervical cancer. To respond the WHO calling for cervical cancer elimination, some Chinese provincial governments are launching the Free HPV Vaccination Programs for teenagers. Basing on the current stage of domestic utilization and the global immunization strategies of HPV vaccination, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the key aspects in the process of HPV vaccination, including subjects and priority vaccination population, vaccination dose and time interval, the principal of vaccination replacement, and the vaccination suggestion on special populations, etc. The article above contents and gives the advice on the immunization strategy of HPV vaccination in China.
AIDS Vaccines ; Adolescent ; BCG Vaccine ; China ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Influenza Vaccines ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control* ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines ; SAIDS Vaccines ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Vaccination

Objective: To analyze the reasons for the fluctuations in the percentage of outpatient or emergency visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) during the Spring Festival and National Day in 2014-2018 surveillance season. Methods: ILI surveillance data was collected during the period of Spring Festival and National Day in mainland China, and downloaded from Chinese Influenza Surveillance Information System, during the 2014-2018 surveillance season. Results: There was no significant difference noticed in the number of ILI reports in the festival week with weeks before or after in both the southern and northern provinces. The number of outpatient visits was much less than that of the week before and after, but the number of emergency visits was statistically significantly increased. Conclusion: In the holiday peak of ILI%, the major causes was the impact of holiday-off at sentinel hospitals, resulting in a large reduction in the number of outpatient visits in the consulting room during the festivals.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Biometry ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control* ; Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data* ; Holidays ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Influenza, Human/virology* ; Outpatients/statistics & numerical data* ; Population Surveillance ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology* ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/isolation & purification* ; Respiratory Tract Infections/virology* ; Seasons ; Young Adult

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection, such as bronchiolitis, bronchitis, or pneumonia, in both infants and the elderly. Despite the global burden of diseases attributable to RSV infection, no clinically approved vaccine is available, and a humanized monoclonal antibody for prophylaxis is not readily affordable in developing countries. There are several hurdles to the successful development of RSV vaccines: immune-vulnerable target populations such as premature infants, pregnant women, and immunocompromised people; safety concerns associated with vaccine-enhanced diseases; repeated infection; and waning memory. To develop successful strategies for the prevention of RSV infection, it is necessary to understand the protective and pathologic roles of host immune responses to RSV infection. In this review, we will summarize the positive and negative relationship between RSV infection and host immunity and discuss strategies for the development of the first successful RSV vaccine.
Humans ; Immunity ; Immunocompromised Host ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control ; *Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/*physiology

The aim of this study was to observe the effects of prophylactic palivizumab on hospitalization secondary to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection (RSVhospitalization) in former very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This study also sought to identify the risk factors of RSVhospitalizationin this particular infant population. A prospective observational study was conducted between September 2007 and April 2008 in seven Korean hospitals. Children with a history of very low birth weight, a diagnosis of BPD and who were <2 yr old at the onset of the RSV season were included in this study. Palivizumab injections were administered monthly for a maximum of five months during the RSV season. RSVhospitalization rates were reviewed, and RSVhospitalization rates between subgroups were categorized by gestational age, birth weight, and duration of ventilator care. A total of 90 subjects completed the follow-up interviews. The mean gestational age at birth was 26.1+/-1.7 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 889.4+/-222.2 g. The incidence of RSVhospitalization in the study population was 8.9% (8/90), and the mean hospital stay was 11.0+/-5.5 days, including one death. There were no statistically significant differences in the patients' demographic characteristics or risk factors for RSV hospitalization. When subgroup analyses were conducted, there were still no statistically significant differences. The administration of palivizumab prophylaxis during the entire RSV season is important in VLBWI with BPD, regardless of their gestational age and birth weight, or previous ventilator dependency.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis/*methods ; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Birth Weight ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/*complications ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; *Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Palivizumab/*therapeutic use ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/drug effects ; Risk ; Risk Factors

The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and subfamily Pneumovirinae. The RSV can cause acute infections of the lower respiratory tract in infants. The F gene of the RSV is a conservative gene and varies only slightly in its expression. Few studies focusing on the variability of the F gene have been carried out. F protein (fusion glycoprotein) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates fusion and penetration between the virus and host cells. Neutralizing antibody against the F protein can protect against infection by RSV subtypes A and B. Hence, F protein has become the main target for the development of a monoclonal antibody and vaccine against the RSV. An effective vaccine is not available, so a monoclonal antibody against F protein is now the most important method to reduce the morbidity and severity associated with RSV infection in high-risk children. However, a monoclonal antibody can lead to the production of drug-resistant strains of the RSV. This review focuses on genetic variation of the F gene of the RSV as well as progress in the development of a monoclonal antibody against F protein and a vaccine in the last decade.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; immunology ; Humans ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Fusion Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical epidemiologic characteristics and analyze risk factors for acute respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in hospitalized infants with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI).

METHODALRI infants admitted to Children's Hospital of Fudan University from March 1st, 2011 to February 29th, 2012, were enrolled in this study. Patient information included demographic characteristics, feeding history, family status, clinical presentation, accessory examination, treatment and prognosis. According to the etiology of ALRI infants, we compared the seasonal distribution, demographic characteristics, household characteristics and underlying diseases between RSV-positive patients and RSV-negative patients. Univariate and multiple Logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors that were associated with risk of RSV infection.

RESULTAmong 1 726 ALRI infants, there were 913 RSV-positive infants (52.9%). The occurrence of RSV infection had a seasonal variation, with a peak in winter (59.1%). The median (P25, P75) age of RSV infants was 64 (21-155) days. The gestational age (GA) and body weight (BW) was (37.5 ± 2.4) weeks and (3.07 ± 0.66) kg, respectively. The male/female ratio among these was 1.9: 1. RSV infection was more popular among infants in the families with smoking members, crowded living conditions, history of atopic mother. Differences of the proportion of patients with underlying disease between RSV-positive and negative groups were statistically significant (59.4% vs. 54.2%, P < 0.05). Univariate logistic regression demonstrated that factors increasing the risk of RSV infection were: GA<37 weeks (OR = 1.346, 95%CI: 1.037-1.748), birth weight <2 500 g (OR = 1.447, 95%CI: 1.103-1.898), underlying diseases (OR = 1.232, 95%CI: 1.018-1.492), underlying CHD (OR = 1.391, 95%CI: 1.120-1.728), environmental tobacco smoke exposure (OR = 1.254, 95%CI: 1.035-1.519), mother with atopic diseases (OR = 1.827, 95%CI: 1.296-2.573), crowded house with four or more than four family members (OR = 1.232, 95%CI: 1.013-1.498), autumn or winter infection (OR = 1.351, 95%CI: 1.024-1.783; OR = 1.713, 95%CI: 1.332-2.204). Multivariate logistic regression determined the factors increasing the risk of RSV infection were: underlying CHD (OR = 1.298, 95%CI: 1.002-1.681), mother with atopic diseases (OR = 1.766, 95%CI: 1.237-2.520), autumn or winter infection (OR = 1.481, 95%CI: 1.105-1.985; OR = 1.766, 95%CI: 1.358-2.296).

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of RSV infection was the highest in winter, while preterm and low birth weight infants were more susceptible. Underlying diseases were found in 59.4% cases, CHD was the most common one. The factors increasing the risk of RSV infection were: CHD, mother with atopic diseases, autumn or winter infections.

Acute Disease ; China ; epidemiology ; Environmental Exposure ; adverse effects ; Female ; Hospitalization ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Prevalence ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; isolation & purification ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

OBJECTIVETo describe the epidemiology and severity of illness of children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, including those who received palivizumab prophylaxis, at Royal University Hospital (RUH), Saskatoon and Regina General Hospital (RGH) from July 2002 to June 2005.

METHODSChildren hospitalized for ≥ 24 hours with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection were enrolled, and their health records were retrospectively reviewed for patient demographics and referral patterns, use of palivizumab prophylaxis, severity of infection (length of hospitalization, need for and duration of pediatric intensive care and mechanical ventilation) and outcome of infection.

RESULTSA total of 590 children (324 males) were hospitalized over the three years. The median chronological age at admission was 5.3 months, and median hospital stay was 4.0 days. Gestational age at birth was ≥ 36 weeks in 82.4% of patients. RSV disease severity was mild to moderate in 478 patients (81.0%) and severe in 110 (18.6%). Thirty-nine patients (6.6%) required pediatric intensive care unit admission, for a median of 5.0 days. Twenty-two of these patients (56%) were mechanically ventilated for a median of 6.0 days. Two children died, not attributed to RSV infection. Twenty-two patients had received palivizumab prophylaxis before hospital admission, with 18 completing at least 2 of the monthly doses. Most of these children (17/22) had mild to moderate illness.

CONCLUSIONSRSV causes significant morbidity in Saskatchewan, affecting predominantly term infants. The majority of illness is mild to moderate. Some patients who have received palivizumab may still develop significant RSV disease.

Adolescent ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Palivizumab ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Saskatchewan ; epidemiology ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Time Factors