OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of seven glomerular filtration rate (GFR) evaluation formulas Schwartz2009, Schwartz1976, Counahan-Barratt, Filler, CKD-EPI_scysc, Cockrofi-Gault, CKD-EPI_ScysC-Scr in high concentration of methotrexate (HDMTX) chemotherapy dose adjusted cut-off point (GFR ≤85 ml/min) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). METHODS: One hundred and twenty-four children with ALL were included in the study. GFR determined by renal dynamic imaging (sGFR) was used as the standard to evaluate the accuracy, consistency of eGFR calculated by seven formulas and sGFR, and the diagnostic efficacy of each formula when the sGFR ≤85 ml/min boundary. RESULTS: All of the accuracy of eGFR estimated by Schwartz2009 were greater than 70% in the 0-3, >4 and ≤6, >6 and ≤9, >9 and ≤16 years old group and male group, and the consistency exceeded the professional threshold. When the sensitivity of the ROC curve sGFR ≤85 ml/min was 100% of CKD-EPI_scysc in the 0-3, >3 and ≤4 years old group, Filler in the >3 and ≤4 years old group, and Cockrofi-Gault in the >6 and ≤9 years old group, the specificity was 73.02%, 78.95%, 78.95%, 69.32%, respectively, and the AUC under the ROC curve was the largest (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Schwartz2009 formula predicts the highest accuracy of eGFR in the 7 glomerular filtration rate. CKD-EPI_scysc, Filler, and Cockrofi-Gault formulas have more guiding signi-ficance for the adjustment of HDMTX chemotherapy in pre-adolescence in children with ALL when sGFR ≤85 ml/min.
Adolescent ; Humans ; Male ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Methotrexate ; Creatinine ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy* ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis*

Dramatic advances in the care of patients with cancer have led to significant improvement in outcomes and survival. However, renal manifestations of the underlying cancer as well as the effects of anti-neoplastic therapies leave patients with significant morbidity and chronic kidney disease risks. The most common renal manifestations associated with cancer include acute kidney injury (AKI) in the setting of multiple myeloma, tumor lysis syndrome, post-hematopoietic stem cell therapy, and AKI associated with chemotherapy. Knowledge of specific risk factors, modification of risk and careful attention to rapid AKI diagnosis are critical for improving outcomes.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Risk Factors ; Stem Cells ; Tumor Lysis Syndrome

A 40-year-old man presented with pruritic, multiple, variable-sized, erythematous umbilicated papules on the trunk and both extremities for 4 months. He was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma (stage IIA) after histopathologic examination of a neck mass that developed a month ago. A punch biopsy was performed on his right lower leg. Histological examination showed transepidermal elimination of the degenerated collagen. Masson's trichrome staining was performed to distinguish collagen fibers from the muscular tissue; using Masson's stain, the collagen appeared as a bluish color crossing from the dermis to the epidermis. The diagnosis of acquired reactive perforating collagenosis was made. The skin lesions showed much improvement after 6 cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy. Acquired perforating disorders are a group of cutaneous disorders that occur in adults with chronic kidney disease or diabetes mellitus. Cases of acquired perforating disorders associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma have been rarely reported in the English literature. To our knowledge, this is the first case of acquired reactive perforating collagenosis in a Korean patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Bleomycin ; Collagen ; Dacarbazine ; Dermis ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Doxorubicin ; Drug Therapy ; Epidermis ; Extremities ; Hodgkin Disease ; Humans ; Leg ; Neck ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Skin ; Vinblastine

PURPOSE: We aimed to determine the demographic and epidemiologic variables that are associated with no treatment in lung cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient data were collected from the Korean National Health Insurance Database. The lung cancer group included patients with an initial diagnosis of lung cancer between January 2009 and December 2014. Treated cases were defined as those that underwent surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy until death, after the diagnosis of lung cancer. Risk of no treatment was calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among the 2,148 new cases of lung cancer from 2009 to 2104, 612 (28.4%) were not treated. Risk of no treatment was higher in the following patients: patients in their 60s (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75 to 1.84), 70s (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.41 to 5.50), and >80 years old (OR, 16.55; 95% CI, 10.53 to 25.03) than those in their 50s; patients with previous myocardial infarction (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.01 to 4.25) or chronic kidney disease (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.57 to 5.30); and patients diagnosed at a non-referral hospital (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.92) or primary care provider (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.43 to 2.29) compared with referral hospital. Low-income patients receiving Medicaid were 1.75 times (95% CI, 1.14 to 2.68) more likely to forgo treatment than high-income patients (upper 20%). Risk was not associated with sex or the year in which the lung cancer was diagnosed. CONCLUSION: Age predominantly determines whether patients with lung cancer undergo anti-cancer treatment.
Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung ; Medicaid ; Myocardial Infarction ; National Health Programs ; Primary Health Care ; Referral and Consultation ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by abrupt deterioration of renal function, and its diagnosis relies on creatinine measurements and urine output. AKI is associated with higher morbidity and mortality, and is a risk factor for development of chronic kidney disease. There is no proven medication for AKI. Therefore, prevention and early detection are important. Physicians should be aware of the risk factors for AKI and should monitor renal function in high-risk patients. Management of AKI includes optimization of volume status and renal perfusion, avoidance of nephrotoxic agents, and sufficient nutritional support. Continuous renal replacement therapy is widely available for critically ill children, and this review provides basic information regarding this therapy. Long-term follow-up of patients with AKI for renal function, blood pressure, and proteinuria is recommended.
Acute Kidney Injury* ; Blood Pressure ; Child* ; Creatinine ; Critical Illness ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mortality ; Nutritional Support ; Perfusion ; Proteinuria ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Renal Replacement Therapy* ; Risk Factors

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has a relatively low prevalence rate of about 1.8 per 100,000 people. According to the recent literature, the development of diagnostic techniques has gradually increased the prevalence and diagnosis rate. In the past, when UTUC was diagnosed, more than 60% of the patients were diagnosed as locally advanced or metastatic cancer. However, since 2010, approximately 70% of the patients have been diagnosed as operable stage. Although radical nephroureterectomy is known as the basis of treatment for UTUC, overall survival is poor in patients with lymph node invasion. Especially, the finding that a localized UTUC is associated with a high risk of cancer metastasis in approximately 50% of patients suggests that these patients may not have sufficient treatment through surgery alone. The European Association of Urology and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline 2017 suggested that postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy may be considered in patients with advanced UTUC beyond pT2. Also, recent meta-analyses have reported that cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy can be expected to have a synergistic effect of overall survival and disease-free survival. However, many patients with UTUC undergo postoperative renal failure, which may result in failure to perform cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy with adequate dose. For this reason, several researchers have suggested that it is beneficial to apply neoadjuvant chemotherapy when the preoperative renal function is maintained to a certain extent. But, neoadjuvant chemotherapy has not been used by many clinicians because of the lack of studies and the rarity of the disease. We are currently discussing the outcomes and prospects of perioperative chemotherapy.
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Diagnosis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prevalence ; Renal Insufficiency ; Urinary Tract ; Urology

BACKGROUND/AIMS: It has been suggested that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and is associated with increased mortality among patients infected with C. difficile. However, recent studies of the clinical impact of CKD on CDI in Asians are still insufficient. We sought to determine the relationship between CKD and CDI in a Korean population. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective case-control study. In total, 171 patients with CDI were included as cases and 342 age- and gender-matched patients without CDI were used as controls. We compared the prevalence of CKD in the study sample and identified independent risk factors that could predict the development or prognosis of CDI. RESULTS: Independent risk factors for CDI included stage IV to V CKD not requiring dialysis (odds ratio [OR], 2.90) and end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis (OR, 3.34). Patients with more advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30) and CDI showed higher in-hospital mortality and poorer responses to the initial metronidazole therapy. CONCLUSIONS: More advanced CKD is an independent risk factor for CDI and is associated with higher in-hospital mortality and poor treatment responses in CDI patients. Thus, in CKD patients, careful attention should be paid to the occurrence of CDI and its management to improve the outcome of CDI.
Aged ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Clostridium difficile/*pathogenicity ; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology/mortality ; Female ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/*complications/diagnosis/therapy ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Metronidazole/therapeutic use ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Renal Dialysis ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/*complications/diagnosis/mortality/therapy ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the risk of complications and outcome between infarct-related artery (IRA)-only revascularization and multivessel (MV) revascularization in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) with renal insufficiency and MV disease. METHODS: A total of 1,031 acute MI patients with renal insufficiency and MV disease who were registered in the Korea Working Group on Myocardial Infarction were enrolled. They were divided into two groups (IRA-only revascularization group, n = 404; MV revascularization group, n = 627), and investigated the cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and the incidence of complications after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). RESULTS: Complications after PCI occurred in 19.9% of all patients (206/1,031). Complications after PCI occurred more frequently in the MV revascularization group compared with the IRA-only revascularization group (20.1% [126/627] vs. 15.3% [62/404], respectively; p = 0.029]. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 6.3%, and there was no significant difference between the groups (5.2% in the IRA-only revascularization group vs. 7.0% in the MV revascularization group; p = 0.241). The total incidence of MACE was 11.1%, and there was no significant difference between the groups (11.6% in the IRA-only revascularization group vs. 10.7% in the MV revascularization group; p = 0.636). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of complications after PCI was significantly lower in the IRA-only revascularization group compared with the MV revascularization group. However, there were no significant difference in the 12-month outcomes between groups in patients with acute MI and renal insufficiency with MV disease.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Coronary Artery Disease/complications/diagnosis/mortality/*therapy ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Kidney/physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction/complications/diagnosis/mortality/*therapy ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/adverse effects/*methods/mortality ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence ; Registries ; Renal Insufficiency/diagnosis/*etiology/mortality/physiopathology ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome

Excessive dynamic airway collapse (EDAC) is a disease entity of excessive reduction of the central airway diameter during exhalation, without cartilage collapse. An 80-year-old female presented with generalized edema and dyspnea at our hospital. The patient was in a state of acute decompensated heart failure due to pneumonia with respiratory failure. We accordingly managed the patient with renal replacement therapy, mechanical ventilation and antibiotics. Bronchoscopy confirmed the diagnosis of EDAC. We scheduled extubation after the improvement of pneumonia and heart condition. However, extubation failure occurred due to hypercapnic respiratory failure with poor expectoration. Her EDAC was improved in response to high flow nasal oxygen therapy (HFNOT). Subsequently, the patient was stabilized and transferred to the general ward. HFNOT, which generates physiologic positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) effects, could be an alternative and effective management of EDAC. Further research and clinical trials are needed to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of HFNOT on EDAC.
Aged, 80 and over ; Airway Obstruction ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bronchoscopy ; Cartilage ; Diagnosis ; Dyspnea ; Edema ; Exhalation ; Female ; Heart ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy ; Oxygen* ; Patients' Rooms ; Pneumonia ; Positive-Pressure Respiration ; Renal Replacement Therapy ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Insufficiency

We aimed to investigate differences in clinical manifestations and outcomes between adult and child patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), and to analyze the factors associated with poor prognosis for HSP nephritis. This retrospective 10-yr study enrolled 160 patients with HSP who visited Severance Hospital. Purpura was mostly detected in lower extremities, but purpura in upper extremities was more frequently observed in adults than children (41.7% vs 19.3%). Children had a greater frequency of arthralgia (55.4% vs 27.1%), while adults had a greater frequency of diarrhea (20% vs 1.6%). Anemia, elevated C-reactive protein, and level of IgA were more frequently observed in adults (25% vs 7.1%, 65.6% vs 38.4%, 26.3% vs 3.5%). Renal involvement in adults was more severe than in children (79.2% vs 30.4%). Chronic renal failure showed a significant difference in outcomes of HSP between adults (10.4%) and children (1.8%) after a follow up period of an average of 27 months. Furthermore, renal insufficiency at diagnosis was significantly related to the progression to chronic renal failure. Our results showed several differences in the clinical features of HSP between adults and children. Adults with HSP had a higher frequency of renal insufficiency and worse renal outcomes than children. Renal insufficiency at diagnosis might be of predictive value for the progression to chronic renal failure in HSP patients.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Arthralgia/epidemiology/etiology ; C-Reactive Protein/analysis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea/epidemiology/etiology ; Extremities/pathology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A/blood ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; Infant ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Prognosis ; Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch/complications/*diagnosis/drug therapy/*pathology ; Renal Insufficiency/epidemiology/etiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult