[Objective] To analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of treatment-naive patients with highly suspected prostate cancer (PCa) with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level ≥20 ng/mL, to provide reference for promoting early screening of PCa. [Methods] A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of treatment-naive patients with PSA level ≥20 ng/mL, undergoing prostate biopsy for highly suspected PCa at the Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital during Jan.2013 and Jun.2023. The correlation between patients' age, body mass index (BMI), PSA, prostate volume (PV), prostate cancer-specific antigen density (PSAD), prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS) score, and International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade with highly suspected PCa metastasis and PSA stratification were analyzed. [Results] A total of 1778 suspected patients were enrolled. Pathological findings confirmed PCa in 1465 cases (82.4%), with 487(33.2%) diagnosed as metastatic PCa. Over the past decade, the number of patients undergoing prostate biopsy for highly suspected PCa and being confirmed has been increasing annually, with the proportion of metastatic cases remaining at around 30%. Compared with those with PSA level being 20-50 ng/mL, patients with PSA level >50 ng/mL had older age, lower BMI, higher PSAD, higher PI-RADS, higher ISUP, more diverse pathological types, and a higher incidence of metastasis (P<0.05) with lower proportion of urban residents. Additionally, analysis of metastatic PCa cases showed that 46.8%(228/487) had oligometastasis (≤5 metastatic lesions), including 99.0% bone metastasis, 4.1% extraregional lymph node metastasis, and 4.3% other organ metastasis. [Conclusion] Over the past 10 years, there has been a continuous increase in the number of treatment-naive biopsied cases and newly diagnosed cases of highly suspicious PCa with PSA level ≥20 ng/mL, while the proportion of metastatic cases remains high. Therefore, proactive efforts should be made to promote early screening of high-risk suspected cases.

Adverse reactions commonly associated with apalutamide include hot flashes, fatigue, joint pain, rash, hypertension, and anemia. Apalutamide-induced agranulocytosis is relatively rare. In this paper, we reported a case with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer who developed agranulocytosis after taking apalutamide for one month. The patient’s neutrophil count returned to normal with appropriate supportive therapy, and no significant decrease in neutrophil count was observed during 10 months of follow-up after discharge.

Objective:Based on multi-parametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and related clinical indicators, a nomogram model for patients with PI-RADS ≥3 and PSA 4-20ng/ml was developed and validated, and the predictive value of the model in diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer was evaluated.Methods:The clinical and pathological data of 865 patients who underwent ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate biopsy for the first time at the Department of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from January 2020 to August 2023, with PI-RADS scores ≥3 and PSA levels between 4-20 ng/ml were retrospectively analyzed. These 865 patients were included in Cohort A, and from them, 437 patients with PHI were selected in Cohort B. In Cohort A, the median age was 68(64, 73); the median f/tPSA was 14.36 (10.63, 19.74); the median PSAD was 0.17(0.11, 0.25); 375 cases (43.35%) with PV≤50 ml and 490 cases (56.65%) with PV>50 ml; PSA fluctuation <-50% 84 cases (9.71%), -50%--20% in 206 cases (23.82%), and >-20% in 575 cases (66.47%); PI-RADS v2.1 3 scores 546 cases (63.12%), 4 in 230 cases (23.59%), and 5 in 89 cases (10.29%); localization of suspicious lesions on mpMRI in the peripheral zone in 619 cases (71.56%), transitional zone in 181 cases (20.92%), others in 42 cases (4.86%), and both peripheral and transitional zones in 23 cases (2.66%). In Cohort B, the median PSAD was 0.17 (0.12, 0.25); the median D-dimer was 310.00 (230.00, 411.48); the median PHI was 49.75 (35.90, 73.27); with 198 cases (45.31%) with PV≤50 ml and 239 cases (54.69%) with PV>50 ml; PSA fluctuation<-50% was in 40 cases (9.15%), -50%--20% in 107 cases (24.49%), and>-20% in 290 cases (66.39%); PI-RADS v2.1 scores 3 was in 289 cases (66.13%), 4 in 103 cases (23.57%), and 5 in 45 cases (10.30%).Patients in cohorts A and B were randomly assigned to the training set and validation set using R language with " 123" as the random number seed, at a ratio of 7∶3.There was no statistically significant difference between the clinical data of the training and validation sets for both groups ( P>0.05).Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for CsPCa, and a nomogram model was constructed using R. The diagnostic performance of the prediction model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis(DCA).External validation of the model was conducted in the validation set. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy, and missed diagnosis rate analyses were performed on nomogram models A and B, as well as PSAD and PHI, under different thresholds. Results:Cohort A training set has 608 cases, and the validation set has 257 cases.The results of multivariate backward regression analysis in the training set show that age( OR=1.06, P=0.001), f/tPSA( OR=0.96, P=0.008), prostate volume (PV)>50ml( OR=0.36, P<0.01), prostate-specific antigen density(PSAD)( OR=145.19, P<0.01), PSA fluctuation(-50%--20%: OR=1.97, P=0.234; >-20%: OR=6.81, P<0.01), PI-RADS v2.1 score(4: OR=10.65, P<0.01; 5: OR=21.20, P<0.01), and localization of suspicious lesions on mpMRI(TZ: OR=0.57, P=0.074; Others: OR=0.26, P=0.022) were all risk factors for CsPCa. Nomogram A was developed based on these risk factors and had an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.905 (95% CI 0.881-0.928) for the training set and 0.893 (95% CI 0.854-0.931) for the validation set. Cohort B training set developed based on age( OR=1.05, P=0.053), PV>50ml( OR=0.18, P<0.01), PSAD( OR=54.14, P=0.021), PSA fluctuation(-50%--20%: OR=4.78, P=0.100; >-20%: OR=20.37, P=0.001), PHI( OR=1.02, P=0.002), D-Dimer( OR=1.00, P=0.031), and PI-RADS scores(4: OR=11.35, P<0.01; 5: OR=57.61, P<0.01) as risk factors for CsPCa. Nomogram B had an AUC of 0.933(95% CI 0.906-0.959) for the training set and 0.908 (95% CI 0.859-0.958) for the validation set.The two nomogram models mentioned above both have excellent discrimination, and the calibration curves also indicated that the calibration of the two models were good.Moreover, both nomogram A and nomogram B demonstrate good clinical net benefits in the DCA curves of the training and validation sets, especially when applying nomogram B to predict CsPCa, with an accuracy rate of up to 85.82%. Conclusions:The two nomogram models developed in study, based on mpMRI and related clinical indicators, both have excellent predictive value for the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer prior to prostate biopsy in patients with PI-RADS≥3 and PSA 4-20ng/ml.

Objective:To explore the predictive value of pre-biopsy serum inflammatory markers on positive prostate biopsy results, establish a nomogram model based on pre-biopsy inflammatory markers combined with other parameters, and evaluate its predictive ability for prostate biopsy results.Methods:The clinical data of 601 patients undergoing transperineal prostate biopsy who were admitted to the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from August 2019 to August 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The median age was 68(35, 89)years, and the median tPSA was 9.56(4.01, 19.95)ng/ml. The median fPSA was 1.36(0.88, 2.02)ng/ml, the median PSAD was 0.16(0.11, 0.26)ng/ml 2, and the median platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR)was 129.90(98.95, 169.89). PI-RADS v2.1 score<3 points in 189 cases(31.45%), 3 points in 174 cases(28.95%), 4 points in 190 cases(31.61%), and 5 points in 48 cases(7.99%). A simple randomization method was used to obtain 421 cases(70.00%)in the modeling group and 180 cases(30%)in the validation group.There was no significant difference in the clinical data between the two groups ( P>0.05). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed in the modeling group to screen independent influencing factors for the prediction of positive prostate biopsy results. A nomogram model was established and internal verification was conducted. External validation of the model was performed in the validation group. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to verify model discrimination, Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was used to verify model calibration, and decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the net benefit and clinical utility of the predictive model. Results:The results of univariate analysis showed that the age( OR=1.060, P<0.01), histological inflammation( OR=0.312, P<0.01), the number of biopsy needles( OR=0.949, P=0.009), f/tPSA( OR=0.954, P=0.003), PV( OR=0.973, P<0.01), PSAD( OR=29.260, P<0.01), PI-RADS v2.1 score(3-point OR=3.766, P=0.001; 4-point OR=11.800, P<0.01; 5-point OR=57.033, P<0.01), lymphocyte count( OR=1.535, P=0.013), NLR( OR=0.848, P=0.044), PLR( OR=0.994, P=0.005)and SII( OR=0.999, P=0.009)were statistically different between the prostate patients and non-prostate cancer patients in the modeling group; Multivariate analysis showed that age( OR=1.094, P<0.001), fPSA( OR=0.605, P=0.002), histological inflammation ( OR=0.241, P<0.001), PSAD ( OR=7.57, P=0.013), PLR ( OR=0.994, P=0.005) and PI-RADS v2.1 Score(3-point OR=2.737, P=0.016; 4-point OR=8.621, P<0.001; 5-point OR=47.65, P<0.001) was an independent influencing factor for prostate cancer at initial biopsy; a nomogram model based on age, fPSA, PSAD, PLR and PI-RADS v2.1 scores was established. The AUC of the modeling group was 0.849(95% CI 0.810-0.888), and the sensitivity was 80.9%, and the specificity was 76.1%; the AUC of the validation group was 0.862(95% CI 0.809-0.915), and the sensitivity was 91.9%, and the specificity was 67.8%, suggesting that the diagnostic prediction model had a good discrimination. The calibration curve showed that the prediction model was well calibrated ( χ2=6.137, P=0.632). The decision curve analysis (DCA) of the modeling and validation groups indicated a larger net benefit of the predictive model. Conclusions:The nomogram model established in this study based on age, fPSA, PSAD, PLR and PI-RADS v2.1 score showed good predictive efficacy for prostate biopsy in patients with PSA between 4-20 ng/ml.

Androgen receptor (AR) plays a key regulatory role in the development of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and the level of constitutive active variants represented by androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) is increasing during the progress of CRPC, which can be used as a molecular marker of disease progress and prognosis of patients with CRPC. It is an important target to overcome castration resistance and improve the quality of life and survival of patients. In this paper, the function of AR-V7 and its molecular regulation mechanism in CRPC are reviewed. The research shows that the generation of AR-V7 is related to the structural rearrangement of AR gene, gene amplification and the selective splicing of AR gene transcripts, and it is affected by the coordinated regulation of multiple signal pathway molecules such as TGF-β; AR-V7 changes the transport and nuclear localization mechanism of AR protein, and further affects the transcriptional expression of downstream target genes. AR-V7 antagonizes AR activity and blocks the differentiation process driven by AR and androgen, and inhibits the expression of tumor suppressor genes to stimulate the proliferation of tumor cells, thus promoting the progress of Pca. Related targeting studies have revealed AR-V7 targets and CRPC treatment strategies. Currently, they mainly focus on AR-V7 protein degradation, mRNA expression inhibition and N-terminal domain targeting intervention. With the development of in-depth research, the molecular mechanism of AR-V7 in the progress of Pca will be gradually clarified, which will certainly play a greater role in the prevention and treatment of CRPC.

Objective:To investigate the effect of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) on biochemical recurrence in patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP).Methods:From June 2012 to November 2020, 403 cases treated with RP in the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. Median age was 67 (range 47-81) years old. Median prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 18.0 (range 1.9-813.0) ng/ml. All patients received prostate biopsy and were confirmed with prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma according to pathology. The Gleason score of 44 (10.9%) cases were 6, 65 (16.1%) cases were 3+ 4, 62 (15.4%) cases were 4+ 3, and 232 (57.5%) cases were ≥8. 73 (18.1%) patients received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. RP and pelvic lymph node dissection were carried out in all patients including 10 open surgery, 144 laparoscopic surgery and 249 robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. The χ 2 test was used to analyze the correlation between LVI and clinicopathological characteristics. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to summarize time-to-biochemical recurrence end point and compare biochemical recurrence-free survival between LVI positive and negative groups. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to test the possible factors of biochemical recurrence with Cox proportional-hazard model. Results:Of all 403 patients treated with RP, the final Gleason score of 68 (16.9%) cases were≤6, 87 (21.6%) cases were 3+ 4, 89 (22.1%) cases were 4+ 3, and 159 (39.5%) cases were≥8. 179 (44.4%) patients had positive surgical margins. The rate of seminal vesicle invasion was 23.6% (95 patients). There were 167 (41.4%) cases with T 1~2 and 236 (58.6%) cases with T 3~4 pathological stage. 39 (9.7%) patients had lymph node metastasis. 62 (15.4%) patients were LVI positive and 341 (84.6%) patients were LVI negative. There were statistically significant differences in biopsy and final Gleason score, pathological stage, rates of seminal vesicle invasion and rates of positive lymph node between LVI positive and negative patients ( P<0.05). 259 (64.3%) patients received adjuvant hormonal therapy and 70 (17.4%) patients received adjuvant hormonal plus radiation therapy. Median follow-up time was 22 (range 6-89) months. 23 (37.1%) occurred biochemical recurrence in LVI positive cases and median biochemical recurrence-free survival was 41 months. Meanwhile, 71 (20.8%) occurred biochemical recurrence in LVI negative cases and median biochemical recurrence-free survival was not reached, significantly longer than LVI positive cases ( P<0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that PSA level, biopsy gleason score, neoadjuvant hormonal therapy, pathological stage, positive surgical margins, seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastasis and LVI were significantly associated with prognostic prediction of biochemical recurrence. Conclusions:LVI implies shorter biochemical recurrence-free survival and could be an independent predictor on biochemical recurrence in patients treated with RP.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of docetaxel plus hormone therapy in metastatic prostate cancer.Methods:From April 2016 to April 2019, 204 cases with bone metastatic prostate cancer in the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. There were 97 patients responded to hormone therapy including 92 cases with high-burden metastasis (more than 4 bone metastases with one or more beyond the axial skeleton) and 5 cases with low-burden metastasis, with average age of 70 years (range 42-87 years) and median prostate specific antigen (PSA) of 74.1 ng/ml (range 11.0-145.0 ng/ml). Among them, there were 35 patients (36.1%) with a Gleason score of 7 or lower, and 62 patients (63.9%) with a Gleason score of 8 or higher. There were 26 patients suffering from bone pain, with average numerical rating scales(NRS) score of 3.7. In addition, there were 107 patients being resistant to hormone therapy, with average age of 73 years (range 56-83 years), and median PSA of 84.5 ng/ml (range 12.4-490.2 ng/ml), including 32 patients (29.9%) with a Gleason score of 7 or lower, and 75 patients (70.1%) with a Gleason score of 8 or higher. Among them, there were 75 patients suffering from bone pain, with average NRS score of 5.4. All patients received continuous hormone therapy combined with docetaxel (at a dose of 75 mg per square meter of body-surface area every 3w, plus prednisone 5 mg twice a day), and PSA progression-free survival (PSA-PFS), NRS score, pain relief, and adverse events were analyzed. Additional analysis of the correlation between PSA-PFS and subgroups with age, PSA level and Gleason score were performed.Results:For patients with metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC), 6 (6.2%) cases only received 1-2 cycles of chemotherapy due to different reasons, and the others received 3-6 cycles(average 4.7)with the median follow-up of 15 months. Of patients who received ≥3 cycles, there were 36 cases presenting PSA progression, with the median PSA-PFS of 22 months, average NRS score decline from 3.9 to 3.0, and pain relief rate of 72.0%(18/25). For patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), 9 (8.4%)cases only received 1-2 cycles of chemotherapy, and the others received 3-14 cycles (average 5.6). Of patients who received≥3 cycles, there were 51 cases with PSA progression, with the median PSA-PFS of 11 months, average NRS score decline from 5.6 to 4.4, and pain relief rate of 48.6%(35/72). Subgroup analysis showed a significant correlation between PSA level and PSA-PFS for patients with mCRPC( P=0.026). Age or Gleason score was not significantly correlated to PSA-PFS in mHSPC or mCRPC( P>0.05). For patients with mHSPC, grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 17 cases(17.5%), nausea and vomiting in 27 cases(27.8%), and fatigue in 25 cases(25.8%). For patients with mCRPC, grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 24 cases (22.4%), nausea and vomiting in 34 cases(31.8%), and fatigue in 26 cases(24.3%). Allergic reaction and sensory neuropathy toxicity were occasional. Conclusion:Efficacy of docetaxel plus hormone therapy was confirmed in metastatic prostate cancer and adverse events were tolerable.

Objective:To explore the feasibility of radical prostatectomy without biopsy for patients with highly suspected localized prostate cancer diagnosed by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. Methods:Patients were enrolled in this single-arm prospective study from March 2019 to January 2022 in the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University. Eligible patients were aged ≤80 years with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance-status score of 0 or 1. Based on mpMRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, patients were diagnosed with highly suspected localized prostate cancer with no evidence of distant lymphatic, bone or visceral metastases. Patients were excluded if they had obvious important organs dysfunction, suspected metastatic lesions or history of other malignant tumor. After fully informed of the surgical risks and possibilities of final pathology, patients received laparoscopic or robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. According to final pathological results, the diagnostic accuracy of mpMRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT was evaluated. Pathological features were compared between low 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max) group (SUV max<10) and high SUV max group (SUV max≥10). Baseline characteristics were compared between clinically significant prostate cancer (CsPCa) and clinically insignificant prostate cancer (cisPCa) + high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) patients. Additional analysis of the correlation between baseline parameters and different subgroups including pathological stage, ISUP grades and risk groups were performed in CsPCa patients. Results:31 patients were enrolled. Median age was 68 (ranging 48-79)years old. Median BMI was 25.6(ranging 21.9-31.4)kg/m 2. Median prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 23.5 (ranging 5.6-94.7)ng/ml. Median prostate volume was 37.6(ranging 16.2-127.9)ml. Median PSA density (PSAD) was 0.56(ranging 0.11-2.86)ng/ml 2. Fifteen cases were scored prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS) 4 and 16 cases were scored PI-RADS 5. Median 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT SUV max was 13.3 (ranging 4.6-36.7). All surgeries were successfully accomplished without open conversion. Median postoperative hospitalization time was 5 (ranging 4-7)d. No major complication occurred perioperatively. Recovery of urinary continence was within 6 months in all patients. According to the final pathological results, 1(3.2%) patient was confirmed with HGPIN. 30 (96.8%) patients were confirmed with adenocarcinoma, including 26 (86.7%) patients with CsPCa and 4(13.3%) patients with cisPCa. Among prostate cancer cases, the pathological stage of 11(36.7%) was T 2 and 19(63.3%) was T 3. Four(13.3%) cases were with ISUP grade 1, 7(23.3%) cases were with ISUP grade 2, 7(23.3%) cases were with ISUP grade 3 and 12 (40.0%) cases were with ISUP grade≥4.Two(6.7%) cases were in low risk group, 3(10.0%) cases were in intermediate risk group and 25 (83.3%) cases were in high risk group. Twelve(40.0%) patients had positive surgical margins. Standard pelvic lymph node dissection was carried out in 18 (17 prostate cancer and 1 HGPIN) cases. Sixty-two lymph nodes were dissected and none of them was positive. The diagnostic accuracy of mpMRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT was 96.8%(30/31) in prostate cancer. Compared to low SUV max group, patients in high SUV max group had higher ISUP grade ( P=0.003) but there was no significant difference in positive surgical margin, seminal vesical invasion or pathological stage ( P>0.05). Among CsPCa patients, 10 (38.5%) cases were scored PI-RADS 4 and 16(61.5%) cases were scored PI-RADS 5. Median 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT SUV max was 14.3 (range 6.1-36.7). Compared to cisPCa and HGPIN patients, a smaller median prostate volume (34.3 vs. 73.0 ml, P=0.006), higher median PSAD (0.70 vs. 0.13 ng/ml 2, P=0.001), higher rates of PI-RADS 5 patients (61.5% vs. 0, P=0.018) and higher 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT SUV max (14.3 vs. 6.1, P=0.001) were found in CsPCa patients. Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference between SUV max and pathological stage (25.5 vs. 13.9), ISUP grades (15.4 vs. 14.4 vs. 14.0) and risk groups (9.7 vs. 14.9) in CsPCa patients ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The diagnostic accuracy of mpMRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT is high in prostate cancer. With efficient communication, radical prostatectomy without biopsy for patients with highly suspected localized prostate cancer diagnosed by mpMRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT is safe.

Objective:To explore the predictive value of preoperative prognostic nutritional index(PNI) and systemic immune-inflammation index(SII) for local tumor stage in bladder cancer after radical cystectomy(RC).Methods:This study is a retrospective study, collecting information on 195 patients with bladder cancer who underwent RC at the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from April 2011 to October 2019. Extract the patient’s preoperative laboratory examination and calculate the PNI and SII. The calculation formula was PNI=albumin (g/L)+ 5×total lymphocyte count (10 9/L); SII=platelets×neutrophils/lymphocytes . Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to analyze whether PNI and SII can be used as predictors of muscular invasive bladder cancer(MIBC) and non-muscular invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC). Continuous variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation ( Mean± SD), and t-test was used for comparison between groups; Chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical variables between groups. Generate receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), calculate area under the curve (AUC) to judge the predictive ability of PNI and SII scoring indicators. The larger of AUC, the stronger the predictive ability. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to calculate the corresponding odds ratio ( OR) and 95% CI. Results:All patients were males, with a mean age of (67.94±8.97) years. Mean serum albumin was (42.13±4.28) g/L, mean PNI was 51.29±6.09 and mean SII was 661.67±506.22. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that both PNI and SII had statistical significance for the incidence of MIBC; multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that PNI and SII could not be used as the diagnosis of MIBC and NMIBC. PNI was an independent risk factor for predicting tumor stage (pT<3a and pT≥3a).Conclusion:The low preoperative PNI can be used as an independent factor for predicting poor pathological stage (pT≥3a).

Prostate cancer in patients with dwarfism is rarely reported. One case was reported in this article. The patient was admitted to the hospital due to the PSA elevation for more than 4 years. Due to the dwarf disease, the patient could not accommodate the transrectal ultrasound probe, and was highly suspected of prostate cancer.The prostate needle biopsy was not performed. Combined with the medical history, PSA level, preoperative MRI and PSMA-PET/CT examination, the patient was clinically diagnosed with localized prostate cancer, and radical surgical treatment was performed.