OBJECTIVES: To investigate the characteristics and objective assessment method of visual field defects caused by optic chiasm and its posterior visual pathway injury. METHODS: Typical cases of visual field defects caused by injuries to the optic chiasm, optic tracts, optic radiations, and visual cortex were selected. Visual field examinations, visual evoked potential (VEP) and multifocal visual evolved potential (mfVEP) measurements, craniocerebral CT/MRI, and retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed, respectively, and the aforementioned visual electrophysiological and neuroimaging indicators were analyzed comprehensively. RESULTS: The electrophysiological manifestations of visual field defects caused by optic chiasm injuries were bitemporal hemianopsia mfVEP abnormalities. The visual field defects caused by optic tract, optic radiation, and visual cortex injuries were all manifested homonymous hemianopsia mfVEP abnormalities contralateral to the lesion. Mild relative afferent pupil disorder (RAPD) and characteristic optic nerve atrophy were observed in hemianopsia patients with optic tract injuries, but not in patients with optic radiation or visual cortex injuries. Neuroimaging could provide morphological evidence of damages to the optic chiasm and its posterior visual pathway. CONCLUSIONS Visual field defects caused by optic chiasm, optic tract, optic radiation, and visual cortex injuries have their respective characteristics. The combined application of mfVEP and static visual field measurements, in combination with neuroimaging, can maximize the assessment of the location and degree of visual pathway damage, providing an effective scheme for the identification of such injuries.
Humans ; Optic Chiasm/pathology* ; Visual Pathways/pathology* ; Visual Fields ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Hemianopsia/complications* ; Vision Disorders/pathology* ; Optic Nerve Injuries/diagnostic imaging* ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/diagnostic imaging*

Molecular biology is a new subject that clarifies the phenomena and nature of life at the molecular level. Its development provides new biotechnology and methods for the study of traditional pharmacognosy. The formation of molecular biology has brought the development of pharmacognosy into a new era of gene research. Lonicerae Japonicae Flos is a classical Chinese medicine. Many scholars of home and abroad have carried out relevant studies on its molecular biology on the basis of the in-depth study with traditional methods, and have achieved certain results. In order to provide references on the method, technical for promoting the modernization of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, and the development, protection, and utilization of other traditional Chinese medicine resources. This article summarized the application status of molecular biology methods and techniques on the identification, biosynthesis of active constituents, and molecular mechanism of secondary metabolite under stress conditions of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos in recent years. In hybridization technology of tag(RFLP), molecular markers based on PCR(RAPD, AFLP, SSR and ISSR), based on DNA sequence analysis of SNP and DNA barcode for the variety identification, diagnosis, identification of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, and so forth in detail. At the same time, it is proposed that multi-omics technology can be used to build systems biology technology and platforms, and establish related models of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, so as to deepen acknowledge the molecular mechanism of the active component biosynthesis of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and the accumulation of metabolites, life activities of other medicinal plants under adverse environment, then to regulate them.
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Lonicera/chemistry* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry* ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Secondary Metabolism

Based on the literature data in CNKI, data mining and analysis technologies were used in this paper to describe the scientific research and development direction of Pharmacognosy in the last decade from the perspective of bibliometrics. The analysis of measured data revealed the core research institutions, excellent research teams, leading scholars, major research aspects and research progress in the field. Results showed that most of the scholars in the field were from colleges and institutions, accounting for 74.6% of the total research findings and forming a group of core scholars. In terms of frequency and timeliness of citation, pharmacognosy is a discipline in sustained growth and development since it mainly cites the literature in the other disciplines, absorbs and utilizes knowledge of the other disciplines. Over the last few years, molecular identification and genetic diversity have become the research hotspots in pharmacognosy, and the techniques and methods such as ISSR, RAPD, DNA barcoding and DNA molecular marker have been widely used.
Bibliometrics ; China ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Data Mining ; Pharmacognosy ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Research

"Wu zhu yu", which is obtained from the dried unripe fruits of Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Jussieu) T. G. Hartley, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of headaches, abdominal colic, and hypertension for thousands of years. The present study was designed to assess the molecular genetic diversity among 25 collected accessions of T. ruticarpum (Wu zhu yu in Chinese) from different areas of China, based on inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Thirteen ISSR primers generated 151 amplification bands, of which 130 were polymorphic. Out of 165 bands that were amplified using 10 iPBS primers, 152 were polymorphic. The iPBS markers displayed a higher proportion of polymorphic loci (PPL = 92.5%) than the ISSR markers (PPL = 84.9%). The results showed that T. ruticarpum possessed high loci polymorphism and genetic differentiation occurred in this plant. The combined data of iPBS and ISSR markers scored on 25 accessions produced five clusters that approximately matched the geographic distribution of the species. The results indicated that both iPBS and ISSR markers were reliable and effective tools for analyzing the genetic diversity in T. ruticarpum.
Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA Fingerprinting ; DNA Primers ; metabolism ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Evodia ; classification ; genetics ; Genetic Markers ; genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Terminal Repeat Sequences ; genetics

To study the genetic stability of Panax quinquefolium after introduced into China for 30 years, the samples of P. quinquefolium from 14 regions of China were studied. RAPD molecular marker technology was applied in this research, and POPGEN32 data analysis and NTSYS2. 10 cluster diagram were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there are abundant genetic diversity in the ginseng samples. There were 81 polymorphic bands based on the 13 random primers. The polymorphism was 83.51%, the effective number of alleles (N(e)) was 1.456 7; Nei's gene diversity index (H) was 0.274 8; Shannon's diversity index (H(o)) was 0.419 4. The clustering analyses indicated that P. quinquefolium and P. ginseng were classified into two obvious groups, especially, it was also found that the P. quinquefolium could be divided into two obvious groups based on whether the P. ginseng was cultivated in the same region or not, but it was thought that there was not genetically a qualitative difference. Thus it suggests that a good breeding field should be established in Jilin Province of China for the germplasm purification.
China ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Introduced Species ; Panax ; classification ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; United States

BACKGROUNDMycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) can cause a variety of human infections, involving the lung, skin and soft tissues, and is generally believed to be acquired from environmental sources. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular diversity and antibiotic susceptibility of M. abscessus isolates as the basis for strategies to improve control and management of infection.

METHODSSeventy M. abscessus isolates from patients attending the Guangzhou Thoracic Hospital were identified from 2003 to 2005 by biochemical tests, gas chromatography, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction analysis (PRA) of heat shock protein gene hsp65, and sequencing of the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA. Susceptibilities to six antibiotics were determined by micro-broth dilution. Isolates were genotyped using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.

RESULTSMost isolates (63/70; 90%) were susceptible to amikacin but rates of susceptibility to other antibiotics varied from moderate, clarithromycin (60%) and imipenem (43%), to low for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin (3%), and 87% of isolates had intermediate susceptibility to cefoxitin. RAPD analysis showed that the 70 clinical isolates displayed 69 unique RAPD patterns.

CONCLUSIONSThe high genetic diversity of isolates suggests that they are not transmitted from person to person but, presumably, are acquired independently from environmental sources. M. abscessus isolates displayed variable levels of susceptibility to all antibiotics tested, other than amikacin, indicating a need for routine susceptibility testing to guide treatment.

Amikacin ; pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Cefoxitin ; pharmacology ; China ; Chromatography, Gas ; Ciprofloxacin ; pharmacology ; Clarithromycin ; pharmacology ; Imipenem ; pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mycobacterium ; drug effects ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique

OBJECTIVETo establish sequence characterized amplified region markers of Polygonum capitatum.

METHODThe random primer was screened through RAPD to obtain the specific RAPD marker band, and the band was separated, extracted, cloned and sequenced. The specific primers were designed for conventional PCR reaction on the basis of the specific band, and the SCAR marker was acquired.

RESULTScreening from 50 RAPD primer, only C29 primer had 2 specific bands could distinguish P. capitatum from P. nepalense, then 4 pairs of specific primers were designed based on the 2 sequences of RAPD marker bands, and only 1 pair primer (Z1-2) was successfully converted into SCAR marker after repeated tests.

CONCLUSIONThe Z1-2 primer, could be used as an effective SCAR mark to identify Z300 DNA for P. capitatum. The SCAR mark was established and can be used as a molecular marker to distinguish P. capitatum from P. nepalense

DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; DNA, Plant ; genetics ; Genetic Markers ; genetics ; Polygonum ; classification ; genetics ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Corynebacterium ; isolation & purification ; Cross Infection ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique

In order to broaden Chinese cabbage gene pool, we conducted interspecific somatic hybridization between Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris, 2n=20, AA) and Cabbage (B. oleracea, 2n=18, CC). Protoplasts were isolated from 10-day-old cotyledons and hypocotyls of young seedlings, and fused by 40% polyethylene glycol (PEG). Fused cells were cultured in modified K8p liquid medium supplemented with some plant growth regulators. Fusion products were characterized by their morphological, cytological and molecular biological traits. The results showed that, a total of 35 regenerated green plants were obtained from 320 calli, the plant regeneration frequency was 10.94%, and eleven of which were survived in greenhouse. All regenerants were true hybrids as confirmed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analysis. Ploidy levels of hybrid plants were determined by chromosome counting and flow cytometry. The sum of the chromosome number (2n = 38) from the two fusion patents were found in 36.4% of regeneratns; another 36.4% had chromosomes range to 58-60; 27.2% had more chromosomes ranges to 70-76. All regenerated plants produced normal flowers. We investigated the pollen fertility and seed set after self-pollination and backcrossing with the parental species. For hybrids with chromosomes more than 38 it was possible to obtain some seeds when they after self-pollination. Within the group of hybrids with 38 chromosomes, seed set were very variable, only 0.11 seeds per pod by self-pollination, 0.23-0.76 by open-pollination, 0.02-0.04 by backcrossing with Chinese cabbage. Progeny lines obtained by self-pollination had larger leaves and leaf shapes intermediate of the parental species. Pollen fertility was gradually recovered in the first and second progenies. The backcrossing progeny lines, as a whole, exhibited morphologies were similar to Chinese cabbage. Morphological variations were observed among the somatic hybrids and their progenies.
Brassica napus ; genetics ; growth & development ; Breeding ; Chromosomes, Plant ; Hybridization, Genetic ; genetics ; Mustard Plant ; genetics ; growth & development ; Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques ; Ploidies ; Pollen ; physiology ; Protoplasts ; cytology ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Recombination, Genetic

The complete coding sequence of Haemonchus (H.) contortus HC29 cDNA was generated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends in combination with PCR using primers targeting the 5'- and 3'-ends of the partial mRNA sequence. The cloned HC29 cDNA was shown to be 1,113 bp in size with an open reading frame of 507 bp, encoding a protein of 168 amino acid with a calculated molecular mass of 18.9 kDa. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the cloned HC29 cDNA contained the conserved catalytic triad and dimer interface of selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences demonstrated that the protein shared 44.7~80.4% similarity with GPX homologues in the thioredoxin-like family. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close evolutionary proximity of the GPX sequence to the counterpart sequences. These results suggest that HC29 cDNA is a GPX, a member of the thioredoxin-like family. Alignment of the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of HC29 with those of the reported selenium-independent GPX of H. contortus showed that HC29 contained different types of spliced leader sequences as well as dimer interface sites, although the active sites of both were identical. Enzymatic analysis of recombinant prokaryotic HC29 protein showed activity for the hydrolysis of H2O2. These findings indicate that HC29 is a selenium-independent GPX of H. contortus.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary/genetics/isolation & purification ; Glutathione Peroxidase/*genetics/*metabolism ; Goat Diseases/parasitology ; Goats ; Haemonchiasis/parasitology/prevention & control/*veterinary ; Haemonchus/*enzymology/*genetics ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Helminth/chemistry/genetics ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA