Prostate cancer is the most common tumor of the urinary system, and its mortality rate is second only to lung cancer. With the specific and high expression on the surface of prostate cancer cells, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been an ideal theranostic target of prostate cancer with great clinical significance and research value. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), a new modality of molecular imaging combining functional metabolic information and anatomical structure, provides high diagnostic performance for cancer detection. This paper mainly reviewed recent progress of PSMA inhibitors labeled by positron-emitting radionuclides for early diagnosis, preoperative staging, response assessment, restaging and metastasis detection of prostate cancer.
Electrons ; Humans ; Kallikreins ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Male ; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; Radioisotopes ; chemistry

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful non-invasive molecular imaging technique for the early detection, characterization, and "real-time" monitoring of disease, and for investigating the efficacy of drugs (Phelps, 2000; Ametamey et al., 2008). The development of molecular probes bearing short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides, such as ¹⁸F (half-life 110 min) or ¹¹C (half-life 20 min), is crucial for PET imaging to collect in vivo metabolic information in a time-efficient manner (Deng et al., 2019). In this regard, one of the main challenges is rapid synthesis of radiolabeled probes by introducing the radionuclides into pharmaceuticals as soon as possible before injection for a PET scan. Although many potential PET probes have been discovered, only a handful can satisfy the demand for a highly efficient synthesis procedure that achieves radiolabeling and delivery for imaging within 1-2 radioisotope half-lives. Only a few probes, such as 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-D-glucose (¹⁸F-FDG) and [¹⁸F]fluorodopa, are routinely produced on a commercial scale for daily clinical diagnosis (Grayson et al., 2018; Carollo et al., 2019).
Lab-On-A-Chip Devices ; Positron-Emission Tomography/methods* ; Radioisotopes/chemistry* ; Radiopharmaceuticals/chemical synthesis* ; Solid Phase Extraction

Escherichia coli ; chemistry ; cytology ; Fluorine Radioisotopes ; MAP Kinase Kinase 5 ; chemistry ; metabolism ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 3 ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Interaction Mapping ; methods ; Protein Interaction Maps

Iodine-131 is a radioisotope that is routinely used for the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer after total or near-total thyroidectomy. However, there is some evidence that iodine-131 can induce liver injury . Here we report a rare case of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by iodine-131 in a patient with regional lymph node metastasis after total thyroidectomy. A 47-year-old woman was admitted with elevated liver enzymes and symptoms of general weakness and nausea. Ten weeks earlier she had undergone a total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma and had subsequently been prescribed levothyroxine to reduce the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Eight weeks after surgery she underwent iodine-131 ablative therapy at a dose of 100 millicuries, and subsequently presented with acute hepatitis after 10 days. To rule out all possible causative factors, abdominal ultrasonography, endoscopic ultrasonography (on the biliary tree and gall bladder), and a liver biopsy were performed. DILI caused by iodine-131 was suspected. Oral prednisolone was started at 30 mg/day, to which the patient responded well.
Abdomen/diagnostic imaging ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/*diagnosis/drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Iodine Radioisotopes/chemistry ; Lymph Nodes/pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Middle Aged ; Prednisolone/therapeutic use ; Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy/surgery ; Thyroidectomy ; Thyroxine/therapeutic use ; Ultrasonography

The aim of this study was to estimate internal radiation doses and lifetime cancer risk from food ingestion. Radiation doses from food intake were calculated using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the measured radioactivity of 134Cs, 137Cs, and 131I from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in Korea. Total number of measured data was 8,496 (3,643 for agricultural products, 644 for livestock products, 43 for milk products, 3,193 for marine products, and 973 for processed food). Cancer risk was calculated by multiplying the estimated committed effective dose and the detriment adjusted nominal risk coefficients recommended by the International Commission on Radiation Protection. The lifetime committed effective doses from the daily diet are ranged 2.957-3.710 mSv. Excess lifetime cancer risks are 14.4-18.1, 0.4-0.5, and 1.8-2.3 per 100,000 for all solid cancers combined, thyroid cancer, and leukemia, respectively.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Cesium Radioisotopes/chemistry ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; *Eating ; Food Contamination, Radioactive/*analysis ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Iodine Radioisotopes/chemistry ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/*etiology ; Nutrition Surveys ; Radiation Dosage ; Republic of Korea ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic performances of F-18 sodium fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography (bone PET/CT) and bone scintigraphy (BS) for the detection of thyroid cancer bone metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 6 thyroid cancer patients (age = 44.7 ± 9.8 years, M:F = 1:5, papillary:follicular = 2:4) with suspected bone metastatic lesions in the whole body iodine scintigraphy or BS, who subsequently underwent bone PET/CT. Pathologic diagnosis was conducted for 4 lesions of 4 patients. RESULTS: Of the 17 suspected bone lesions, 10 were metastatic and 7 benign. Compared to BS, bone PET/CT exhibited superior sensitivity (10/10 = 100% vs. 2/10 = 20%, p = 0.008), and accuracy (14/17 = 82.4% vs. 7/17 = 41.2%, p < 0.025). The specificity (4/7 = 57.1%) of bone PET/CT was not significantly different from that of BS (5/7 = 71.4%, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Bone PET/CT may be more sensitive and accurate than BS for the detection of thyroid cancer bone metastasis.
Adult ; Bone Neoplasms/*radiography/secondary ; Bone and Bones/*radiography ; Contrast Media/*chemistry ; Female ; Fluorine Radioisotopes/chemistry ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Retrospective Studies ; Sodium Fluoride/*chemistry ; Thyroid Neoplasms/*pathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Whole Body Imaging

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are neoplasms presenting unpredictable and unusual biologic behavior that causes many clinical challenges. NETs can produce a variety of metabolically active substances (hormones and amines) leading to distinct clinical syndromes. This review will discuss the imaging techniques for the diagnosis of GEP-NETs including ultrasonography, CT, MRI and ultrasound endoscope. In this article, Gallium-68 labeled peptide binding to G protein coupled receptor including SSTR, CCKR1 and GLP1R is addressed, and the application of Gallium-68 labeled somatostin analogues and PET-CT for diagnosis of GEP-NETs is evaluated. In conclusion, Gallium-68 labeled peptide and molecular imaging will play important roles in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic strategy development of GEP-NETs.
Diagnostic Imaging ; methods ; Endoscopy ; Gallium Radioisotopes ; chemistry ; Humans ; Intestinal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; diagnosis ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Prognosis ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; chemistry ; Stomach Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and it has a poor prognosis and few therapeutic options. Radiotherapy is one of the most effective forms of cancer treatment, and P53 protein is one of the key molecules determining how a cell responds to radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of iodine-131 in three human HCC cell lines. METHODS: Western blotting was used to measure P53 expression. The effects of radiotherapy with iodine-131 were assessed by using the clonogenic assay to evaluate cell survival. Flow cytometry was carried out to examine the effects of iodine-131 on cell death, oxidative stress, reduced intracellular glutathione expression, the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the cell cycle. RESULTS: The P53 protein was not expressed in Hep3B2.1-7 cells, was expressed at normal levels in HepG2 cells, and was overexpressed in HuH7 cells. P53 expression in the HuH7 and HepG2 cell lines increased after internal and external irradiation with iodine-131. Irradiation induced a decrease in cell survival and led to a decrease in cell viability in all of the cell lines studied, accompanied by cell death via late apoptosis/necrosis and necrosis. Irradiation with 131-iodine induced mostly cell-cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that P53 plays a key role in the radiotherapy response of HCC.
Apoptosis/*radiation effects ; Blotting, Western ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism/pathology/radiotherapy ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/radiation effects ; *Gamma Rays ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Iodine Radioisotopes/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Liver Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology/radiotherapy ; Phosphorylation ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*metabolism

Escherichia coli ; enzymology ; Fluorine Radioisotopes ; analysis ; Lipid Bilayers ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Maleates ; chemistry ; Nanoparticles ; chemistry ; Phosphorylation ; Polystyrenes ; chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Tyrosine ; metabolism

Transcatheter arterial radioembolization (TARE) with Yttrium-90 (90Y)-labeled microspheres has an emerging role in treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Although complication of TARE can be minimized by aggressive pre-evaluation angiography and preventive coiling of aberrant vessels, radioembolization-induced gastroduodenal ulcer can be irreversible and can be life-threatening. Treatment of radioembolization-induced gastric ulcer is challenging because there is a few reported cases and no consensus for management. We report a case of severe gastric ulceration with bleeding that eventually required surgery due to aberrant deposition of microspheres after TARE.
Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*diagnosis/radiotherapy ; Embolization, Therapeutic/*adverse effects ; Gastrectomy ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology ; Gastroscopy ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/*diagnosis/radiotherapy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Microspheres ; Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic use ; Stomach/pathology ; Stomach Ulcer/*etiology/surgery ; Yttrium Radioisotopes/chemistry