The apprenticeship education of Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is an important pathway for the cultivation of talents in TCM education.The combination of institutional education and apprenticeship education is considered to be the most suitable educational model that aligns with the inherent characteristics of TCM education.The current status of TCM education in western medical institutions and the main challenges include the difficulty in transitioning between western and Chinese medical reasoning and limited clinical internship hours for TCM.The strengths and features of TCM apprenticeship education lie in cultural heritage,classical teachings,mentorship,practice orientation and personalized education.Therefore,integration of TCM apprenticeship education and clinical internships for western medical students represents a new educational model for medical undergraduates.

Ardisia Crenata Radix is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that belongs to the Myrsinaceae family,and its main active components are coumarins,saponins,flavonoids,and volatile oil.Bergenin,ardisicrenoside A,ardisicrenoside B,ardisiacripin A,ardisiacripin B,and embelin were identified as active anticancer compounds in in-depth studies into the anti-tumor effects of Ardisia Crenata Radix.They show high therapeutic potential in oral cancer,nasopharyngeal carcinoma,liver cancer,colon cancer,bladder cancer,cervical cancer,and leukemia,mainly by inducing tumor cell apoptosis,increasing tumor cytotoxicity,inhibiting cell proliferation,inhibiting tumor cell metastasis and migration,and inducing cell regulatory enzyme cascade reactions.However,most preclinical experimental data on cinnabar root's anti-tumor mechanism have not been verified in high-quality,multi-sample,and repeated randomized controlled trials,and there are a lack of clinical research data on tumor prognosis,pharmacodynamics,and pharmacokinetics.Accurate research experiments and clinical trials should be designed to further explore the pharmacological effects of Ardisia Crenata Radix.

Objective To evaluate the teaching performance of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)course for the first three grades of the"4+4"reform pilot class in clinical medicine at Peking Union Medical College.Methods An anonymous survey was conducted using Questionnaire Star and the responses from TCM Teaching Questionnaire completed by students were statistically analyzed and summarized.Results Most students expressed interest in TCM and deemed it necessary to study TCM course.They believed that teachers well prepared for teach-ing performance and the teaching content was well-aligned with the textbooks,syllabus,and lecture slides.The teaching content was closely integrated with clinical practice,and students were satisfied with the teaching methods and approaches.Conclusions Teaching evaluations help teachers to summarize their teaching experiences and im-prove the teaching quality of the TCM course.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of serum microRNA-375 (miR-375) and microRNA-760 (miR-760) combined liver enhancement computed tomography(CT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods A total of 144 patients with HCC were included in cancer group, and another 144 patients with benign liver tumors in the same period were included in benign group. The expression levels of serum miR-375 and miR-760 were measured in both groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to analyze the diagnostic value of serum miR-375 and miR-760 expression levels combined with liver enhancement CT in HCC. The Kappa test was used to analyze the consistency of lonely detection of serum miR-375, miR-760 levels and liver enhancement CT, and their combined diagnosis for HCC with the gold standard pathological results. Results The expression levels of serum miR-375 and miR-760 in the cancer group were significantly lower than those in the benign group (P<0.05). The expression levels of serum miR-375 and miR-760 in patients with HCC were correlated with the number of tumor, tumor diameter, TNM stage, distant organ metastasis, degree of differentiation, portal vein tumor thrombus, and hepatitis B surface antigen (P<0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of combined diagnosis of HCC using serum miR-375, miR-760, and liver enhancement CT was significantly greater than the AUC of individual diagnosis of the three methods (P<0.05), and there was a high consistency with pathological results (Kappa=0.826). Conclusion The expression levels of serum miR-375 and miR-760 in patients with HCC are lower than those in patients with benign liver tumors. The combined use of serum miR-375 and miR-760 levels and liver enhancement CT technology can significantly improve the diagnostic efficacy of HCC.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of computer tomography (CT) combined with serum secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) for pancreatitis after biliary duct stent implantation in patients with malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). Methods A total of 243 MBO patients with biliary duct stent implantation were selected as research objects, and they were divided into pancreatitis group with 105 cases and no pancreatitis group with 138 cases according to condition of postoperative complicated pancreatitis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum levels of SFRP4 and sST2, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the four table method were used to analyze the diagnostic values of serum SFRP4 or sST2 alone and their combination with CT for postoperative complicated pancreatitis. Results The serum levels of SFRP4 and sST2 in the pancreatitis group were significantly higher than those in the no pancreatitis group (P < 0.05); the values of area under the curve (AUC) of serum SFRP4 and sST2 levels for diagnosis of postoperative complicated pancreatitis were 0.694 and 0.667, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of CT for diagnosis of postoperative complicated pancreatitis were 76.19% and 60.87%, respectively; the sensitivity and accuracy of CT combined with serum SFRP4 and sST2 levels in diagnosing postoperative complicated pancreatitis were 98.10% and 76.54%, respectively; the sensitivity and accuracy of the combination of the three indexes for diagnosis were significantly higher than those of CT, SFRP4 or sST2 alone (P < 0.05). Conclusion MBO patients with pancreatitis after biliary duct stent implantation have higher serum levels of SFRP4 and sST2, and CT combined with serum levels of SFRP4 and sST2 has high diagnostic value for postoperative complicated pancreatitis.

The teaching content of biomaterials science is of boundness and vapidity, in additional, there is alack of interaction between teachers and students. The teaching efficiency of the biomaterials science is greatly reduced. In this paper, combining with the current research hotspots in biomaterials science, we put forward the reform of the teaching knowledge, teaching methods and teaching evaluation. By introducing the scientific research achievements and academic innovations of teachers, integrating Seminar teaching with flipped mode, combining with the characteristics of colleges and universities, from in-class to out-of-class, setting up the course for different specialties, establishing teaching evaluation with new network information, this paper discusses the teaching reform of biomaterials course, and puts forward new requirements and challenges.

The experimental class is a very important part of medical research graduate students in teaching practice. The lack of attention to experimental teaching, the unclear teaching purpose, and the disconnection between teaching content and practical application are the most important problems in current teaching practice. In this study, we propose to emphasize the experimental teaching objectives and experimental records to enhance students' initiative and standardize rigor; increase the training of advanced experimental equipment to improve students' hands-on ability; enrich teaching methods and means to improve teaching conditions; cultivate students' scientific thinking to enhance Student's experimental operating skills. The measures help comprehensively cultivate postgraduates' innovation and practical ability, and have great significance for medical research work.

Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans, livestock, and marine mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether superoxide dismutase (SOD) of T. gondii can be used as a new marker for genetic study or a potential vaccine candidate. The partial genome region of the SOD gene was amplified and sequenced from 10 different T. gondii isolates from different parts of the world, and all the sequences were examined by PCR-RFLP, sequence analysis, and phylogenetic reconstruction. The results showed that partial SOD gene sequences ranged from 1,702 bp to 1,712 bp and A + T contents varied from 50.1% to 51.1% among all examined isolates. Sequence alignment analysis identified total 43 variable nucleotide positions, and these results showed that 97.5% sequence similarity of SOD gene among all examined isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these SOD sequences were not an effective molecular marker for differential identification of T. gondii strains. The research demonstrated existence of low sequence variation in the SOD gene among T. gondii strains of different genotypes from different hosts and geographical regions.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cats ; *Genetic Variation ; Goats ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Sheep ; Superoxide Dismutase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Toxoplasma/classification/*enzymology/genetics/isolation & purification ; Toxoplasmosis/*parasitology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/*parasitology

INTRODUCTIONDiabetes mellitus induces microangiopathic changes that lead to endothelial dysfunction. This study investigated the effect of Xiaokening, a type of Chinese compound medicine, on the mesenteric arteriolar endothelial cell function of diabetic rats and its underlying mechanism.

METHODSDiabetes mellitus was induced in rat models via intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin and observed over three weeks. Mesenteric arterioles, which were isolated in a cannulated and pressurised state, were incubated with intravascular injections of 1, 3 or 5 g/L Xiaokening for 24, 48 or 72 hours. The effects of Xiaokening on the release of nitric oxide (NO) on the mesenteric arterioles were detected under shear stress of 1, 10 and 20 dyn/cm(2). Biochemical methods were used to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and xanthine oxidase (XO). The expressions of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), SOD and XO in the mesenteric arterioles were assessed using Western blot.

RESULTSCompared to normal rat arterioles, less NO was released in the mesenteric arterioles of diabetic rats. Xiaokening was found to have a concentration- and time-dependent effect on NO release; when the shear stress was increased, there was a gradual increase in the release of NO. Compared to normal arterioles, the expression of eNOS in the mesenteric arterioles of diabetic rats was lower. Incubation with Xiaokening increased SOD activity and expression, and decreased XO activity and expression in the mesenteric arterioles of the diabetic rats.

CONCLUSIONXiaokening was able to significantly increase NO release and improve the endothelial function of mesenteric arterioles through antioxidative mechanisms.

Animals ; Antioxidants ; chemistry ; Arterioles ; enzymology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; drug therapy ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; metabolism ; Oxygen ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Streptozocin ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Xanthine Oxidase ; metabolism

To explore the automated immunostainer screening anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusion non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and clinicopathological characteristics of the molecular subtype lung cancers. Methods Five hundred and sixty-six cases of NSCLC were collected over a 16 month period. The test for ALK was performed by Ventana automated immunostainer with anti-ALK D5F3. The histological features, treatment and outcome of patients were assessed. Results Thirty-eight cases (6.7%, 38/566) of NSCLC showed ALK gene fusion. The frequency of ALK gene fusion was higher in male (7.1%, 25/350) than that in female (6.0%, 13/216) patients, but not achieving statistical significance (chi2 = 0.270, P = 0.604). ALK + NSCLC was more significantly more frequent in patients < or = 60 years (9.9%, 28/282) than >60 years (3.5% , 10/284) of age. Histologically, the ALK + NSCLCs were mostly adenocarcinoma (81.6%, 31/38) , among which eighteen cases were solid predominant subtype with mucin production; nine cases were acinar predominant subtype; one case was papillary predominant subtype and three cases were invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma. The ALK + non-adenocarcinoma included three cases of squamous cell carcinoma, three cases of adenosquamous carcinoma and one case of pleomorphic carcinoma. Among the ALK + NSCLC patients, the number of non/light cigarette smokers (86. 8% , 33/38) was more than that of heavy smokers. Twenty-nine cases were stages III and IV; twenty-nine cases showed lymph node metastasis; twenty cases showed metastases mostly to brain and bone; and one case showed EGFR gene mutation coexisting with ALK gene fusion. Twelve of fifteen patients received crizotinib therapy and remained stable. Conclusions NSCLC with ALK gene rearrangement shows distinctive clinical and histological features. Ventana-IHC may he a feasible and valid technique for detection of ALK rearrangement in NSCLC.
Adenocarcinoma ; genetics ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Adenosquamous ; genetics ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; genetics ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; genetics ; pathology ; Female ; Gene Fusion ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Pyrazoles ; therapeutic use ; Pyridines ; therapeutic use ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; genetics ; Sex Factors