Objective:To analyze the incidence of co-infection of HIV and HBV and death in HIV/AIDS cases who newly received antiretroviral therapy (ART) from 2005-2020 in Jiangsu Province.Methods:According to the baseline and follow-up data of HIV/AIDS cases on ART enrolled between January 2005 and December 2020, the last follow-up clinical visit was up until December 31, 2022, the national information system was retrospectively collected for HIV/AIDS cases from Chinese System Disease for Control and Prevention. Excel database was established, and statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 16.0 software. Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curves, the log rank test was used to compare the survival curves, and Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to assess the mortality and potential risk factors.Results:There were 33 322 HIV/AIDS cases that newly received ART during 2005-2020.The rate of HBsAg test was 57.3%(19 098/33 322). Among HIV/AIDS cases tested HBsAg, the ratio of male to female was 7.1∶1 (16 745∶2 353), the average age was (39.4±14.0) years old, 49.5% (9 446/19 098) of the HIV/AIDS cases were married, 57.8% (11 048/19 098) were infected with HIV through homosexual contact and 36.6% (6 990/19 098) were through heterosexual contact. The M ( Q1, Q3) of CD4 +T lymphocytes (CD4) counts at ART initiation was 297 (166, 445) cells/μl. A total of 8.2% (1 566/19 098, 95% CI:7.8%-8.6%) were HBsAg positive. There were 1 062 HIV/AIDS died by December 31, 2022. The log rank test showed that there were differences in survival curves between HIV/AIDS co-infected with HBV or not ( χ2=28.07, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis of the Cox proportional risk regression model showed that enrollment year, age, marital status, route of HIV infection, baseline CD4 counts before ART, and co-HBV infection were the influencing factors for HIV/AIDS death (all P<0.05), compared with those enrolled in 2015 and before, age ≥45 years, and those who were unmarried. Those enrolled in treatment from 2016 to 2020, those younger than 45 years, and married/cohabitation had a lower risk of death. Compared with baseline CD4 counts ≥201 cells/μl, other routes of infection, and HIV infection alone, baseline CD4 counts ≤200 cells/μl, injecting drug use, and co-HBV infection were associated with a higher risk of death. Conclusion:Effective treatment for coinfection with HBV and HBV vaccination for HBV-negative people with HIV should be integrated into HIV treatment programs to reduce HIV-related mortality in Jiangsu Province, 2005-2020.

Objective To investigate the incidence of anemia and evaluate the immune status among newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Jiangsu Province in 2021, and to identify the risk factors of anemia among patients living with HIV infections. Methods Newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Jiangsu Province from January 1 to December 31, 2021 that were registered in China’s National AIDS Comprehensive Control Information Management System were enrolled. Subjects’ fresh whole blood samples were collected, and hemoglobin levels, CD4 and CD8 cell counts and HIV viral loads were measured. Anemia was defined according to hemoglobin levels, and the immunological parameters and HIV viral loads were compared between HIV-infected patients with and without anemia. The risk factors of anemia were identified among individuals living with HIV infections using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. In addition, subjects’ CD4 cell counts one year following antiretroviral therapy (ART) were retrieved from China’s National AIDS Comprehensive Control Information Management System, and compared between subjects with and without anemia. Results A total of 635 newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2021, including 544 males (85.67%) and 91 females (14.33%), and with ages of 15 to 83 years, and the overall incidence of anemia was 5.51% (35/635) among the study subjects. Men, individuals at ages of 45 years and lower and workers had relatively higher hemoglobin levels, with median hemoglobin levels of 156 (interquartile range, 22), 154 (interquartile range, 23) g/L and 162 (interquartile range, 19) g/L, respectively. The median baseline HIV viral load was 40 500.00 (interquartile range, 119 735.00) copies/mL among HIV-infected individuals with anemia and 29 754.00 (69 183.00) copies/mL among those without anemia (Z = -0.91, P = 0.31), and the median baseline CD4 and CD8 cell counts were significantly lower among HIV-infected individuals with anemia [166 (interquartile range, 143) cells/μL and 755 (653) cells/μL] than those without anemia [308 (253) cells/μL and 892 (638) cells/μL] (Z = -4.36 and -2.37, both P values < 0.05). The median CD4 cell counts remained lower among HIV-infected individuals with anemia than those without anemia [296 (interquartile range, 229) cells/μL vs. 457 (interquartile range, 313) cells/μL; Z = -3.71, P < 0.05] one year following ART, and the proportions of moderate and severe immunosuppression were significantly higher among HIV-infected individuals with anemia (40.00% and 17.14%) than those without anemia (21.00% and 9.33%) (χ² = 10.37 and 8.79, both P values < 0.01). Univariate analysis showed a higher detection rate of anemia among female HIV-infected individuals than among males [odds ratio (OR) = 4.528, 95% confidence interval (CI): (3.811, 5.245), P < 0.001], a higher rate among HIV-infected individuals at ages of 45 to < 60 years [OR = 3.415, 95% CI: (1.191, 9.788), P = 0.022] and 60 years and older [OR = 5.820, 95% CI: (2.013, 16.826), P < 0.001] than among those at ages of 15 to < 30 years, a higher rate among HIV-infected individuals through heterosexual transmission than among those through homogeneous transmission [OR = 3.015, 95% CI: (1.423, 6.387), P = 0.004], a lower rate among HIV-infected individuals with an educational level of college and above than among those with an educational level of primary school [OR = 0.103, 95% CI: (0.028, 0.386), P < 0.001], a higher rate among HIV-infected individuals with baseline CD4 cell counts of < 200 cells/μL than among those with baseline CD4 cell counts of 200 cells/μL and higher [OR = 4.340, 95% CI: (2.165, 8.702), P < 0.001], and lower detection rates among HIV-infected individuals with CD4/CD8 cell ratios of 0.208 to < 0.326 [OR = 0.232, 95% CI: (0.076, 0.711), P = 0.011] and 0.516 and higher [OR = 0.292, 95% CI: (0.104, 0.818), P = 0.019] than among those with CD4/CD8 cell ratios of < 0.208. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified woman [OR = 4.945, 95% CI: (3.944, 5.946), P = 0.002], and CD4 cell counts of < 200 cells/μL [OR = 3.597, 95% CI: (1.448, 8.937), P = 0.006] as risk factors of anemia among newly reported HIV/AIDS patients. Conclusions The incidence of anemia was low among newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Jiangsu Province in 2021, and the immune status was poorer among HIV-infected individuals with anemia than those without anemia at baseline and one year following ART. Female and CD4 cell counts of < 200 cells/μL are risk factors of anemia among individuals living with HIV infections, and intensified surveillance, follow-up and precision interventions are recommended targeting female HIV-infected individuals and HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 cell counts.

Pogostemon cablin is a famous southern medicine.As the important raw material for modern medicine and industry,Pogostemon cablin becomes required with a large marketing demand.However,due to the serious continuous cropping obstacles in the growth process of Pogostemon cablin,the aggravation of diseases of Pogostemon cablin and the degradation of its quality arose.This paper outlined the ecological factors such as climate factors,soil factors and topographic factors suitable for the growth of Pogostemon cablin,analyzed the continuous cropping obstacles and diseases arising in the cultivation,reviewed the current ecological planting mode of Pogostemon cablin such as crop rotation,intercropping,relay-cropping and under-forest planting,and also made a comprehensive evaluation of the economic benefits,ecological benefits and social benefits of the ecological planting mode of Pogostemon cablin,aiming to provide a theoretical basis and a reference for the promotion of the ecological planting mode of Pogostemon cablin.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD)in twin preterm infants with a gestational age of<34 weeks,and to provide a basis for early identification of BPD in twin preterm infants in clinical practice.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the twin preterm infants with a gestational age of<34 weeks who were admitted to 22 hospitals nationwide from January 2018 to December 2020.According to their conditions,they were divided into group A(both twins had BPD),group B(only one twin had BPD),and group C(neither twin had BPD).The risk factors for BPD in twin preterm infants were analyzed.Further analysis was conducted on group B to investigate the postnatal risk factors for BPD within twins.Results A total of 904 pairs of twins with a gestational age of<34 weeks were included in this study.The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with group C,birth weight discordance of>25%between the twins was an independent risk factor for BPD in one of the twins(OR=3.370,95%CI:1.500-7.568,P<0.05),and high gestational age at birth was a protective factor against BPD(P<0.05).The conditional logistic regression analysis of group B showed that small-for-gestational-age(SGA)birth was an independent risk factor for BPD in individual twins(OR=5.017,95%CI:1.040-24.190,P<0.05).Conclusions The development of BPD in twin preterm infants is associated with gestational age,birth weight discordance between the twins,and SGA birth.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, the results of forward and reverse blood typing of a male patient diagnosed as bronchiectasis were inconsistent, which were type O and type A respectively. Multiple experiments including genotyping and sequencing and family investigation were carried out to determine the subtype of ABO blood group and explore the serological characteristics of this subtype. METHODS: Standard serological techniques were used to conduct forward and reverse typing, reverse blood typing enhancement test, H antigen identification, absorption-elution test, salivary blood group substances test, and PCR-SSP method for ABO genotyping and exon 6 and 7 sequencing. RESULTS: The proband's blood group was type O by forward typing, but antigen A could be detected by absorption-elution test, anti-A1 could be detected by reverse blood typing enhancement test, it was found that there was substance H but no substance A in saliva, and the serological characteristics were consistent with Ael subtype. Gene sequencing analysis showed that there was a c.625T>G base substitution on the basis of A102, which had never been reported before. Family survey showed that c.625T>G base substitution appeared in three generations of the family. CONCLUSION In this study, a new subtype A with Ael serological characteristics caused by c.625T>G mutation was identified. c.625T>G base substitution results in the weakening of A antigen, and this mutation can be stably passed down to future generations.
Humans ; Male ; Genotype ; Phenotype ; Alleles ; Mutation ; ABO Blood-Group System/genetics*

Objective: To understand the current status of diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) /small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) among hematologists, oncologists, and lymphoma physicians from hospitals of different levels in China. Methods: This multicenter questionnaire survey was conducted from March 2021 to July 2021 and included 1,000 eligible physicians. A combination of face-to-face interviews and online questionnaire surveys was used. A standardized questionnaire regarding the composition of patients treated for CLL/SLL, disease diagnosis and prognosis evaluation, concomitant diseases, organ function evaluation, treatment selection, and Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor was used. Results: ①The interviewed physicians stated that the proportion of male patients treated for CLL/SLL is higher than that of females, and the age is mainly concentrated in 61-70 years old. ②Most of the interviewed physicians conducted tests, such as bone marrow biopsies and immunohistochemistry, for patient diagnosis, in addition to the blood test. ③Only 13.7% of the interviewed physicians fully grasped the initial treatment indications recommended by the existing guidelines. ④In terms of cognition of high-risk prognostic factors, physicians' knowledge of unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable and 11q- is far inferior to that of TP53 mutation and complex karyotype, which are two high-risk prognostic factors, and only 17.1% of the interviewed physicians fully mastered CLL International Prognostic Index scoring system. ⑤Among the first-line treatment strategy, BTK inhibitors are used for different types of patients, and physicians have formed a certain understanding that BTK inhibitors should be preferentially used in patients with high-risk factors and elderly patients, but the actual use of BTK inhibitors in different types of patients is not high (31.6%-46.0%). ⑥BTK inhibitors at a reduced dose in actual clinical treatment were used by 69.0% of the physicians, and 66.8% of the physicians had interrupted the BTK inhibitor for >12 days in actual clinical treatment. The use of BTK inhibitors is reduced or interrupted mainly because of adverse reactions, such as atrial fibrillation, severe bone marrow suppression, hemorrhage, and pulmonary infection, as well as patients' payment capacity and effective disease progression control. ⑦Some differences were found in the perceptions and behaviors of hematologists and oncologists regarding the prognostic assessment of CLL/SLL, the choice of treatment options, the clinical use of BTK inhibitors, etc. Conclusion: At present, a gap remains between the diagnosis and treatment of CLL/SLL among Chinese physicians compared with the recommendations in the guidelines regarding the diagnostic criteria, treatment indications, prognosis assessment, accompanying disease assessment, treatment strategy selection, and rational BTK inhibitor use, especially the proportion of dose reduction or BTK inhibitor discontinuation due to high adverse events.
Female ; Humans ; Male ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy* ; Prognosis ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/therapeutic use*

The present study investigated the mechanism of the Tibetan patent medicine Ershiwuwei Shanhu Pills(ESP) in alleviating Alzheimer's disease in mice via Akt/mTOR/GSK-3β signaling pathway. BALB/c mice were randomly assigned into a blank control group, a model group, low(200 mg·kg~(-1)), medium(400 mg·kg~(-1)) and high(800 mg·kg~(-1)) dose groups of ESP, and donepezil hydrochloride group. Except the blank control group, the other groups were given 20 mg·kg~(-1) aluminum chloride by gavage and 120 mg·kg~(-1) D-galactose by intraperitoneal injection for 56 days to establish Alzheimer's disease model. Morris water maze was used to detect the learning and memory ability of mice. The level of p-tau protein in mouse hippocampus and the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde(MDA), catalase(CAT), and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) in hippocampus and serum were detected. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining were performed for the pathological observation of whole brain in mice. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL) staining was employed for the observation of apoptosis in mouse cortex. Western blot was adopted to detect the protein levels of p-mTOR, p-Akt, and GSK-3β in the hippocampus. Compared with the model group, the ESP groups showcased alleviated pathological damage of the whole brain, decreased TUNEL positive cells, reduced level of p-tau protein in hippocampus, and risen SOD, CAT, and T-AOC levels and declined MDA level in hippocampus and serum. Furthermore, the ESP groups had up-regulated protein levels of p-mTOR and p-Akt while down-regulated protein level of GSK-3β in hippocampus. Therefore, ESP can alleviate the learning and memory decline and oxidative damage in mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by D-galactose combined with aluminum chloride, which may be related to Akt/mTOR/GSK-3β signaling pathway.
Aluminum Chloride/adverse effects* ; Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy* ; Animals ; Galactose/metabolism* ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/metabolism* ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Plant Extracts ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism* ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism* ; tau Proteins

OBJECTIVES: By retrospective study of the epidemiological characteristics of sports-related sudden death (SrSD), the risk factors associated with SrSD were analyzed and explored to provide a scientific basis for comprehensive prevention and treatment of SrSD. METHODS: The personal information (sex, age, occupation, etc.), case information (time, place, type of sports, relative time between SrSD occurrence and exercise, etc.), death related information (sign or prodrome, medical history and surgical history, etc.), rescue situation (witnesses, on-site assistance, the availability of paramedics, etc.) of 374 SrSD cases in Guangdong Province from 2017 to 2021 were collected. Statistical analysis was conducted aiming at the key factors. RESULTS: In the 374 cases, there were significantly more males than females (19.78:1); the number of people aged between >39 and 59 was the largest (151, 40.37%); non-manual workers (68.98%) were more than manual workers; the top three sports with the highest number cases were basketball (34.49%), running (19.52%) and badminton (12.03%); from 3 pm to 9 pm (63.10%) was the time period with the highest incidence of events; sudden death mainly occurred during exercise (75.27%) and within 1 h after exercise (20.05%); the on-site rescue rate was very low (6.15%); the rate of autopsies was extremely low (1.07%); sudden cardiac death was the most common cause (67.11%). CONCLUSIONS SrSD is most common in males aged >39 to 59 years old, mostly in non-manual workers, and usually occurs in basketball and running. Sudden death is more likely to occur during exercise and within 1 h after exercise. Therefore, the above potential risk factors should be focused on and studied in daily comprehensive prevention and treatment to provide scientific basis for accurate prevention and first aid of such sudden death.
Adult ; Autopsy ; China/epidemiology* ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Sports

Physical exercise can reduce the overall risk of cardiovascular disease, prolong lifespan and improve the quality of life, but some studies have shown that there is a certain correlation between vigorous physical exercise and sudden cardiac death. A number of retrospective or prospective studies on sports-related sudden cardiac death (SrSCD) have been conducted at home and abroad. This article reviews the related studies on the definition, epidemiological characteristics, common causes of SrSCD and effects of excercise on cardiovascular function, pre-exercise screening and evaluation of SrSCD, in order to understand the latest research progress on SrSCD and provide clues and references for SrSCD research.
Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Quality of Life ; Incidence ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control*

Idiopathic asthenozoospermia, a common factor in male infertility, is characterized by altered sperm motility function in fresh ejaculate. Although the β-defensin 126 (DEFB126) protein is associated with asthenozoospermia, DEFB126 gene polymorphisms have not been extensively studied. Therefore, the association between DEFB126 gene polymorphisms and asthenozoospermia requires further investigation. Screening was performed by semen analysis, karyotype analysis, and Y microdeletion detection, and 102 fertile men and 106 men with asthenozoospermia in Chengdu, China, were selected for DEFB126 gene sequence analyses. Seven nucleotide mutations and two nucleotide deletions in the DEFB126 gene were detected. rs11467417 (317-318 del/del), rs11467497 (163-166 wt/del), c.152T>C, and c.227A>G were significantly different between the control and asthenozoospermia groups, likely representing high-risk genetic factors for asthenozoospermia among males. DEFB126 expression was not observed in sperm with rs11467497 homozygous deletion and was unstable in sperm with rs11467417 homozygous deletion. The rs11467497 four-nucleotide deletion leads to truncation of DEFB126 at the carboxy-terminus, and the rs11467417 binucleotide deletion produces a non-stop messenger RNA (mRNA). The above deletions may be responsible for male hypofertility and infertility by reducing DEFB126 affinity to sperm surfaces. Based on in silico analysis, the amino acids 51M and 76K are located in the highly conserved domain; c.152T>C (M51T) and c.227A>G (K76R) are predicted to be damaging and capable of changing alternative splice, structural and posttranslational modification sites of the RNA, as well as the secondary structure, structural stability, and hydrophobicity of the protein, suggesting that these mutations are associated with asthenozoospermia.
Male ; Humans ; Asthenozoospermia/metabolism* ; Sperm Motility/genetics* ; Homozygote ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Semen ; Sequence Deletion/genetics* ; Spermatozoa/metabolism* ; Nucleotides/metabolism* ; beta-Defensins/metabolism*