ObjectiveTo systematically review the modeling methods and analyzes the model alignment with clinical features of primary dysmenorrhea （PD） in both traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and western medicine， providing theoretical and practical guidance for establishing the animal models of PD that better reflect the diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics of both TCM and western medicine. MethodsThe literature on PD animal models was searched against domestic and international databases such as PubMed， CNKI， and Wanfang Data. According to the diagnostic criteria of TCM and western medicine， the modeling methods in the literature were summarized， evaluated for strengths and weaknesses， and systematically assessed for clinical concordance rates to identify suitable reference models. ResultsThe available animal models of PD showed the average clinical concordance rates of 43.64% and 61.27% with the clinical features in TCM and western medicine， respectively. Commonly used modeling methods included estrogen administration， physical stimulation， and surgical intervention， with the estrogen combined with oxytocin model and the ice-water bath model being the most studied. The model of Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome that was established with the comprehensive stimulation method demonstrated the highest clinical concordance rate. ConclusionCurrent PD animal models primarily replicate dysmenorrhea and simulate menstruation， but they differ from human menstruation to some extent and cannot fully reflect the pathogenesis and physiological characteristics of PD. Moreover， except the cold coagulation and dampness stagnation syndrome and Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome， no animal models for other TCM syndromes have been reported， which limits comprehensive TCM research on this disease to a certain extent.

ObjectiveTo systematically review the modeling methods and analyzes the model alignment with clinical features of primary dysmenorrhea （PD） in both traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and western medicine， providing theoretical and practical guidance for establishing the animal models of PD that better reflect the diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics of both TCM and western medicine. MethodsThe literature on PD animal models was searched against domestic and international databases such as PubMed， CNKI， and Wanfang Data. According to the diagnostic criteria of TCM and western medicine， the modeling methods in the literature were summarized， evaluated for strengths and weaknesses， and systematically assessed for clinical concordance rates to identify suitable reference models. ResultsThe available animal models of PD showed the average clinical concordance rates of 43.64% and 61.27% with the clinical features in TCM and western medicine， respectively. Commonly used modeling methods included estrogen administration， physical stimulation， and surgical intervention， with the estrogen combined with oxytocin model and the ice-water bath model being the most studied. The model of Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome that was established with the comprehensive stimulation method demonstrated the highest clinical concordance rate. ConclusionCurrent PD animal models primarily replicate dysmenorrhea and simulate menstruation， but they differ from human menstruation to some extent and cannot fully reflect the pathogenesis and physiological characteristics of PD. Moreover， except the cold coagulation and dampness stagnation syndrome and Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome， no animal models for other TCM syndromes have been reported， which limits comprehensive TCM research on this disease to a certain extent.

Glaucoma is a multifactorial degenerative optic neuropathy, and its irreversible and blinding pathological characteristics mainly come from the damage to the optic nerve, namely glaucomatous optic neuropathy(GON). The difficulty in the treatment of GON lies in the early intervention, and currently there is no optic neuroprotective drug for the treatment of all types of GON. The death of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)is the core pathological change caused by various pathogenic mechanisms of GON. Recent studies have found that the widespread second messenger cyclic adenosine 3', 5' -monophosphate(cAMP)and its downstream effector protein kinase A(PKA)signal cascade play an important role in the pathogenesis of GON. It can also inhibit the apoptosis of RGCs and play a protective and therapeutic role in glaucoma. Therefore, this article reviews the role of cAMP/PKA pathway in the pathophysiological development of GON, focusing on its effects on glaucoma intraocular pressure regulation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and optic nerve degeneration, in order to find a common central regulatory target for the optic nerve damage caused by different pathological mechanisms of GON and promote the further understanding and clinical treatment of this disease.

The theory of "turbid pathogen harming the clarity" was proposed by YE Tianshi in his book Wenre Lun, which can be applied to clear orifices diseases such as ear, eye, nose, and mouth. Based on the location and characteristics of vitreous opacity, as well as its understanding by medical professionals throughout history, this article points out that the core pathogenesis of vitreous opacity is "turbid pathogen harming the clarity" and the obstruction of the spirit light, and the basic pathogenesis is: unfavorable liver and gallbladder conditions, damp heat accumulation and turbidity; imbalance of middle jiao, qi deficiency leading to turbidity; kidney failure with yang deficiency, stagnant water and fluids; and stagnation entering the collaterals for an extended time, causing blockage and turbidity. And based on the pathogenesis of "turbid pathogen harming the clarity" , corresponding treatment principles are proposed: soothing liver and promoting bile flow, clearing heat and eliminating turbidity; cultivating soil to produce gold, enhancing clarity and reducing turbidity; tonifying kidney and promoting yang, warming and dispelling turbid pathogens; and removing blood stasis and activating collaterals, dispelling turbidity and unblocking the orifices. Based on the theory of "turbid pathogen harming the clarity" , this article summarizes the pathogenesis and treatment of vitreous opacity, in order to provide new ideas for traditional Chinese medicine treatment of this disease.

AIM: To understand the publication status, research trends, and cutting-edge and hot topics in this field by conducting a bibliometrics analysis of relevant literatures on the pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)in the past 30 a.METHODS:A total of 986 relevant literatures on the pathogenesis of POAG published on the core databases of China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)and Web of Science(WOS)from 1 September 1993 to 1 September 2023 were retrieved. CiteSpace(6.2.R.4)and VOSviewer(1.6.18)software were used to conduct knowledge graph analysis on the retrieved literature, including publication volume, author, research institution, country/region, and keywords.RESULTS:The United States(243 articles)has the highest number of publications, followed by China(121 articles). The foreign institution with the highest number of publications is Harvard University(37 articles), while domestic institutions such as Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, ophthalmology department of Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, and Peking University First Hospital tied for the highest number of publications. Louis R. Pasquale(21 articles)is the most prolific English author. Wang Ningli is the most active Chinese researcher in this field. Keywords include trabecular meshwork, intraocular pressure, aqueous humor, glucocorticoid, hemorheology, etc.CONCLUSION: The research on the pathogenesis of POAG is in a period of vigorous development. The United States has the largest number of publications in this field, and Harvard University is a leading institution in this field. The research focus in the field of POAG has shifted from the structural aspect to the genetic level, and gene research and traditional Chinese medicine treatment have broad application prospects in this field.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of cognitive impairment in the nursing home population in Changning District, Shanghai. Methods In this study, random cluster sampling method was used to select 570 elderly people from 5 nursing homes in Changning District. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors influencing cognitive function. Results The total prevalence of cognitive impairment in Changning nursing home population was 22.5%. The prevalence rates of ≤80 and >80 age groups were 16.8% and 23.9%, respectively, and the prevalence rates of men and women were 19.2% and 23.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 80 years old (OR=1.839, 95% CI: 1.045~3.235), no habit of reading book or newspaper (OR=2.087, 95%CI: 1.282~3.398), limitation of daily activity ability (OR=1.577, 95% CI: 1.023~2.431), and having depressive symptoms (OR=2.809, 95% CI: 1.840~4.288) were all influencing factors for cognitive impairment. Conclusion More than one fifth of elderly people in nursing homes in Changning District have symptoms of cognitive impairment. It is necessary to carry out routine cognitive assessment and appropriate cognitive intervention for the nursing home population to reduce the health and economic losses caused by cognitive impairment.

Objective:To investigate the correlation of the emm genotypes and virulence genes with the isolation sites of Group A Streptococcus (GAS). Methods:It was a retrospective study.The specimens were collected from children with impetigo in Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University from 2006 to 2008 for GAS isolation and identification.A total of 24 GAS strains were isolated from 16 children with impetigo, among which 7 pairs of strains were isolated from the throat and skin of 7 children, and 1 pair of strains was isolated from the vulva and skin of one child, and the remaining 8 GAS strains were isolated from the skin pus samples of 8 children.Polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect the emm genotypes and 13 virulence genes ( speA, speB, speC, speF, speG, speH, speI, speJ, speK, speL, speM, smeZ and ssa). The correlation of the emm genotypes and virulence genes with the isolation sites of GAS strains was analyzed. Results:In this study, four emm genotypes were detected, including emm1.0 (15/24), emm12.0 (4/24), emm22.0 (2/24) and emm160.0 (1/24), and one subtype emm12.19 (2/24) was detected as well.The carrying rates of 13 virulence genes speA, speB, speC, speF, speG, speH, speI, speJ, speK, speL, speM, smeZ and ssa were 58.3%, 100%, 91.7%, 100%, 50.0%, 12.5%, 54.2%, 66.7%, 16.7%, 25.0%, 12.5%, 100% and 91.7%, respectively.All strains carried 5 to 11 virulence genes and they all carried speB, speF and smeZ.There were significant differences in the carrying rate of speA and speJ among the strains with different emm genotypes (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the distribution of virulence genes between skin isolates and pharyngeal isolates, including the 5 pairs of strains carrying the emm1.0 genotype (all P>0.05). Conclusions:The distribution of virulence gene of GAS in children with impetigo is significantly correlated with the emm genotype, rather than the isolation site.

Objective To investigate the current situation of home environment safety of the elderly in Changning District, identify the risk factors related to the fall of the home environment of the elderly, and take targeted rectification measures, so as to create a safer environment for the elderly. Methods A phased random sampling method was used to select 201 elderly households from 10 streets in Changning District. Community doctors conducted on-the-spot investigation and assessment to collect information, and Epidata3.1 was used to input data and SAS 9.2 was used for statistical analysis. Results The incidence of falls in the past year was 19.90%, and the score of environmental risk factors/the number of environmental risk factors in each family ranged from 0 to 25, with an average of 9 items (standard deviation of 4.71). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis show that the high level of falling environment (the number of falling risk factors in home environment ≥12) is still an independent risk factor for falls of the elderly, except for the influence of age and the number of drugs taken (OR=3.835, 95% CI:1.718-8.561). Conclusion The environmental risk factors causing falls are common in the home environment of the elderly in the community. It is necessary to focus on improving the home environment, reducing the risk of falls for the elderly, and creating a safe and comfortable home environment for the elderly.

Objective To obtain the monitoring measurement range of quality indicators of red blood cells,plasma and derivatives and leukocyte-reduced apheresis platelets provided by blood stations in Hebei province,explore the distribution of monitoring values and the change of monitoring level,so as to further strengthen the homogenization construction of quality control laboratories in blood stations in Hebei.Methods In 2023,the sampling data of 12 blood stations in Hebei from 2015 to 2022 were collected,scatter plots were made and the range markers were set,and the"mean±SD"line was taken as the upper limit and lower limit of the measurement range.In 2024,the monitoring values in 2023 were added,and the changes of two measurement ranges were compared to analyze the stability and overall level.Results Comparison of the measurement range from 2015 to 2022 and the measurement range from 2015 to 2023 showed that the standard deviation of the content of deleukocyte suspension of red blood cells-hemoglobin,washed erythrocyte-hemoglobin,washed erythrocyte-su-pernatant protein,cryoprecipitate coagulation factor-FⅧ,fresh frozen plasma-FⅧ,leukocyte-reduced apheresis platelets-leukocyte residue and leukocyte-reduced apheresis platelet-red blood cell concentration decreased from 8.132 to 7.993,6.252 to 6.104,0.273 to 0.267,57.506 to 56.276,0.920 to 0.892,0.653 to 0.644 and 2.653 to 2.603,respectively.The narrowing of the standard deviation range of the above items led to more concentrated monitoring values and reduced disper-sion.Comparison of the measurement range from 2015 to 2022 and the measurement range from 2015 to 2023 showed that the mean value of leukocyte residue of the deleukocyte suspension of red blood cells,hemoglobin content of the wash eryth-rocyte,protein content of supernatant of the wash erythrocyte,hemolysis rate of the wash erythrocyte,FⅧ content of the cryoprecipitate coagulation factor,plasma protein content of the fresh frozen plasma,FⅧ content of the fresh frozen plasma,platelet content of the leukocyte-reduced apheresis platelets changed from 0.362 to 0.476,44.915 to 44.861,0.280 to 0.283,0.137 to 0.142,133.989 to 133.271,60.262 to 60.208,1.301 to 1.277 and 3.036 to 3.033,respectively,and was closer to the national standard line,which reflects an increase in the number of unqualified monitoring values or values close to the national standard line in 2023.The long-term qualified rate of coagulation items was low,and no improvement has been ob-served.The stability of biochemical items has been enhanced but overall deviation has occurred,with the average value close to the national standard line.The possibility of subsequent testing failure has increased.The counting items showed no obvi-ous common characteristics.Conclusion The use of"mean±SD"in the analysis can visually display the distribution of mo-nitoring values of different items in Hebei,forming an indicator measurement range covering the past nine years.It shows the characteristics of each item,and provides reference for subsequent quality control laboratory data analysis of each blood sta-tions to takes active measures to improve the monitoring level.

Methods: A total of 10 specific pathogen free (SPF) grade female DBA/2J mice were randomly divided into model group and QGA II group (n = 5 for each group), while additional 5 SPF-grade female C57BL/6J mice were assigned to control group. Mice presented spontaneous high IOP and showed elevated approximately at the age of seven months. The high IOP was maintained until week 38, when gavage was initiated. Mice in control group underwent the same intragastric treatment, while those in QGA II group were gavaged with QGA II (9.67 g/kg), once a day for four weeks. Retinal morphology was examined using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, with the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) counted. The expression level of Brn3a protein, a specific marker for RGCs, was detected by immunofluorescence, with the mean optical density (OD) measured for quantitative analysis. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing was leveraged to analyze changes in the diversity of gut microbiota, including their α-diversity (Chao1, Shannon, Pielou’s evenness, and observed species index) and β-diversity. Venn diagrams and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis was employed to investigate the number of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), the abundance of differential gut microbiota species, and the classification of species at both the phylum and genus levels within the three groups of mice. Results: HE staining revealed that compared with control group, model group showed significant reduction in the number of RGCs (P < 0.01), with intracellular vacuolar degeneration and nuclear pyknosis. After QGA II treatment, the number of RGCs was significantly increased compared with model group (P < 0.01), with notable improvements in intracellular vacuolar degeneration. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the mean OD of Brn3a protein was significantly decreased in model group compared with control group (P < 0.01), while QGA II treatment significantly elevated its expression level (P < 0.01). Analysis of α-diversity showed that after QGA II intervention, the Chao1, Shannon, and Pielou’s evenness indices were significantly increased (P < 0.01), and the observed species index was elevated (P < 0.05). β-Diversity analysis demonstrated distinct clustering among the three groups, indicating relatively low similarity in bacterial community structures. ASV clustering identified a total of 14 061 ASVs across all groups, with 9 514 ASVs shared between model and QGA II groups. At the phylum level, the abundance of Bacteroidetes was significantly decreased in model group compared with control group (P < 0.01), while Firmicutes and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio were significantly increased (P < 0.01). QGA II treatment significantly reduced both Firmicutes abundance and the F/B ratio (P < 0.01). At the genus level, Lactobacillus was dominant across all groups, with its abundance significantly increased in model group (P < 0.01) and subsequently decreased following QGA II intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusion QGA II restructured the gut microbiota of DBA/2J mice with chronic high IOP, bringing changes in their diversity and abundance of components. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus, along with their associated microorganisms, are likely critical components of the gut microbiota that contribute to the optic neuroprotective effects of QGA II on chronic high IOP mice.