In December 2019, an outbreak of viral pneumonia began in Wuhan, Hubei Province, which caused the spread of infectious pneumonia to a certain extent in China and neighboring countries and regions, and triggered the epidemic crisis. The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infectious disease listed as a B infectious disease, which is managed according to standards for A infectious disease. Traditional Chinese medicine and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine have played an active role in the prevention and control of this epidemic. China's ethnomedicine has recognized infectious diseases since ancient times, and formed a medical system including theory, therapies, formula and herbal medicines for such diseases. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Chuxiong Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan, Qiandongnan Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou have issued the prevention and control programs for COVID-19 using Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, Yi and Miao medicines. These programs reflect the wisdom of ethnomedicine in preventing and treating diseases, which have successfully extracted prescriptions and preventive measures for the outbreak of the epidemic from their own medical theories and traditional experiences. In this paper, we summarized and explained the prescriptions and medicinal materials of ethnomedicine in these programs, and the origin of Tibetan medicine prescriptions and Mongolian medicine prescriptions in ancient books were studied. These become the common characteristics of medical prevention and treatment programs for ethnomedicine to formulate therapeutic programs under the guidance of traditional medicine theories, recommend prescriptions and prevention and treatment methods with characteristics of ethnomedicine, and focus on the conve-nience and standardization. However, strengthening the support of science and technology and the popularization to the public, and improving the participation of ethnomedicine in national public health services and the capacity-building to deal with sudden and critical diseases are key contents in the development of ethnomedicine in the future.
Betacoronavirus ; China ; Coronavirus Infections ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Medicine, Traditional ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; drug therapy ; Tibet

Objective:To explore the effect of Zhizhuwan on intestinal conduction and expressions of Phospholipase C-γ₁ (PLC-γ₁)/Phospholipase C-γ₂ (PLC-γ₂) signaling pathway of slow transit constipation (STC) with spleen deficiency syndrome. Method:Special pathogen free (SPF) healthy mice were randomly divided into normal group and model making group. Folium Sennae gavage was used to induce the spleen deficiency status, and then diet and drinking water were controlled to establish the mice model of spleen deficiency constipation. After the modeling, the mice in modelling group were randomly divided into model group, Zhizhuwan group and mosapride group. Zhizhuwan group was given drug at the dose of 9.0 g·kg^-1·d^-1, mosapride group was given 2.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1, model group and normal group were given the equal dose of distilled water for 7 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, the length of Indian ink in the colon was used to calculate the intestinal propulsion rate of the mice. The D-xylose kit was used to determine the content of D-xylose in serum of mice. The hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of colon tissues in mice. The immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the expression levels of PLC-γ₁ and PLC-γ₂ proteins in colon tissues of mice. Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of PLC-γ₁ and PLC-γ₂. Result:Compared with normal group, the intestinal propulsive rate and the serum D-xylose value in model group were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Obvious hyperemia and edema of colonic mucosa were observed by HE staining. The protein and mRNA expression levels of PLC-γ₁ and PLC-γ₂ in colon tissues were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with model group, the intestinal propulsion rate and the content of D-xylose in Zhizhuwan group and mosapride group were significantly increased (P<0.01). Colonic mucosal hyperemia, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were improved according to HE staining. The protein and mRNA expression levels of PLC-γ₁ and PLC-γ₂ were significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusion:Zhizhuwan can promote the intestinal movement in slow transit constipation model mouse with spleen deficiency syndrome, and alleviate the symptoms of constipation in mice. The related mechanism may be related to the increase of the expressions of PLC-γ₁ and PLC-γ₂ in colon tissues of mice with spleen deficiency and constipation.

To optimize the technology of Gardeniae Fructus processed with ginger juice,establish fingerprints and simultaneously determine seven compounds( geniposidic acid,chlorogenic acid,genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside,geniposide,rutin,crocin Ⅰ,and crocin Ⅱ) by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography( UPLC). Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18( 2. 1 mm×50 mm,1. 7μm) column was used with acetonitrile and 0. 1% formic acid solution as mobile phase for gradient elution at the flow rate of 0. 4 m L·min-1. The data was comprehensively processed and analyzed with similarity evaluation,principal component analysis( PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis( PLS-DA) methods. Twenty common peaks were identified in this study,and the similarity of samples was over 0. 97. The results of PCA and PLS-DA showed that there were differences in chemical compositions and contents between the raw Gardeniae Fructus and those processed with ginger juice,with 9 potential differentiated chromatographic peaks. After being processed with ginger juice,the contents of chlorogenic acid,crocin Ⅰ and crocin Ⅱ were less than before and the contents of other four compositions were higher than before. The optimized preparation for Gardeniae Fructus processed with ginger juice was stable and feasible. The methods of UPLC fingerprints and simultaneous determination of seven components can be effectively carried out to distinguish Gardeniae Fructus and Gardeniae Fructus processed with ginger juice.
Carotenoids/analysis* ; Chlorogenic Acid/analysis* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Fruit/chemistry* ; Gardenia/chemistry* ; Zingiber officinale ; Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods*

Objective:To assess the usage of β-blocker in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in early hospitalization period (admission within 24 hours) in Liaoning Province from 2001 to 2011.Methods:By convenience sampling, patients from 10 hospitals in 3 study years (2001, 2006, and 2011) were randomly selected and clinical data were extracted, the usage frequency, types and dosage of β-blocker were analyzed.Results:A total of 1 365 AMI patients from ten hospitals were included in this analysis, and about 296 cases (21.68%) were considered as ideal patients for early β-blocker use (53.10% cases in 2001, 68.70% cases in 2006, and 78% cases in 2011, P<0.001).Logistic regression analysis showed that the heart rate was related to the early usage of β-blocker.The most frequently used β-blocker was metoprolol (90.73%) within 3 years, only 1.46% had the dosage above 50 mg.Conclusions:During the past decade, the utilization rate of βB among the appropriate patients with AMI during the early-phase hospitalization in Liaoning Province present the increasing trend.However, there is a distinct gap between the utilization status and guideline.Although the early application can reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular event, the heart rate of patients and so on are the main causes that influence its application.Therefore, regarding the early application, it is necessary to comply with the evidence-based medical science and combine it with the individualization principle.

Different drying methods, including drying in the sun, sulphur fumigation, hot air drying, microwave drying, infrared drying and various coupling techniques,were used to dry fresh Gastrodiae Rhizoma. Characteristics, extracts and the contents of active components of all samples were compared to investigate the effects of different drying methods on quality of Gastrodiae Rhizoma. The results showed that the characteristics of the samples would be better with use of sulphur fumigation, hot air drying, and hot air-microwave drying. Different drying methods had little effects on extracts. Among them, the extract content was higher after hot air drying. The stilbene glycosides would transformation and the contents of Gastrodiae Rhizoma polysaccharides would decline with use of sulphur fumigation, microwave drying and infrared drying. In the comprehensive analysis of characteristics, content of active components, production cost and other factors, hot air drying or hot air-microwave drying was recommended as the first choice.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the early diagnosis and treatment for trauma around the knee with popliteal vascular injury.

METHODSA retrospective analysis was employed to analyze the clinical data from 15 patients (9 males and 6 females were with a mean age of 39.2 years old,ranging from 26 to 62 years old) with fracture or dislocation around the knee with popliteal vascular injury from January 2007 to January 2013. Combined with clinical symptoms and signs, oxygen saturation monitors, color ultrasound, DSA angiography and interventional surgery were used to determine the vascular injury. The knee fracture and dislocation were fixed with hybrid external fixation and plate-screw fixation, respectively. Then, the blood circulation was reconstructed by thrombectomy, repair and autologous vein graft for individual injured vascular. The average total operation time, average hospitalization days, predictive salvage index (PSI), average blood transfusion amount, average medical expenses and infection cases were recorded to determine the effect of early diagnosis and treatment.

RESULTSThere was one patient with death, 8 patients with amputation, and 6 patients with successful repair surgery for popliteal artery, anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries. These six patients with surviving limbs were followed up for an average of 28.3 months (ranged, 12 to 60 months). Among the 6 successful patients, the joint function of 4 patients was good and excellent.

CONCLUSIONThe trauma around the knee with popliteal vascular injury is characterized by complex and serious injury, easy misdiagnosis and loss diagnosis, poor prognosis and high risk of amputation. The early diagnosis of trauma around the knee with popliteal vascular injury should depend on the mechanism of trauma, local anatomical characteristics of injury site, clinical presentations and appropriate auxiliary examinations. The appropriate indications for limb salvage and amputation should be used to achieve more effective clinical results.

Adult ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Knee Injuries ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Popliteal Artery ; injuries ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies