Since it was first issued in 1964， the Declaration of Helsinki has undergone numerous revisions， aiming to address the ethical challenges in the field of medical research. This paper systematically reviewed the origins and historical evolution of the declaration， as well as sorted out the key revision contents at different stages and their ethical logic in detail. In the face of the challenges of technological revolution and globalization， the 2024 revision provided directional guidance to meet the needs of future medical research while reinforcing ethical norms. Its historical evolution is not only a microcosm of the development of ethics but also reflects the shared responsibility of medical research in the context of globalization.

Purpose/Significance To grasp the technological advantages of digitization empowerment,and to explore the effective path of digitization enabling medical education.Method/Process From the three aspects of experience enhancement,content enrichment and process coordination,the function mode of digitization enabling medical education is clarified.Result/Conclusion To achieve digitization enabling medical education,it's necessary to deepen digital sharing,promote the reconstruction of digital scenes of medical education,op-timize the presentation of digital content of medical education,and coordinate the operation of digital process of medical education.

Algorithms are the operational key for medical artificial intelligence(AI)to optimize the patients seeking medical treatment.With the gradual implementation and application of medical AI algorithms,their decision-making presents the main characteristics of the data-driven,algorithmic black box,and probabilistic paradigms in generating patterns.These characteristics have driven the transformation from artificial diagnosis and treatment to intelligent diagnosis and treatment,but have also simultaneously spawned corresponding practical problems such as"algorithms"replacing doctor decision-making,"algorithmic Leviathan"resolving patients'basic rights,and doctor-patient trust crisis.To effectively prevent ethical risks arising from medical AI algorithm decision-making,it is necessary to call for a return to the subject-centered approach with doctors as the main body and algorithm technology as the wings,strengthen the doctor's decision-making ability,respect patients'basic rights,promote algorithm optimization,train technology to improve,anchor risk keys,and strengthen doctor-patient trust construction.

Osteocytes are the most abundant and long-lived cells in bone,serving as primary regulators of bone remodeling.Besides playing critical roles in endocrine regulation and calcium-phosphate metabolism,osteocytes are primary responders to mechanical stimuli,perceiving and responding to these stimuli directly and indirectly.The process of mechanotransduction in osteocytes is a complex and finely tuned regulation involving interactions between the cell and its surrounding environment,neighboring cells,and various mechanosensors within the cells with distinct functions.The known major mechanosensors in osteocytes include primary cilia,Piezo ion channels,integrins,extracellular matrix,and connexin-based intercellular junctions.These mechanosensors play crucial roles in osteocytes,perceiving and transducing mechanical signals to regulate bone homeostasis.This review aims to provide a systematic introduction to these five mechanosensors,offering new perspectives and insights into understanding how osteocytes respond to mechanical stimuli and maintain bone tissue homeostasis.

Objective:To explore the causal relationship between gut microbiota and lung function (FEV1/FVC) using two-sample Mendelian randomization method; To explore its application in the TCM field.Methods:This was a Mendelian randomization study. The GWAS data of gut microbiota from the MiBioGen consortium study and the GWAS data of lung function (FEV1/FVC) published by IEU OpenGWAS in the public database were used, and instrumental variables were extracted according to prespecified thresholds. The inverse variance weighted method (IVW) was mainly used for analysis. The results were evaluated according to the effect indicator β value and 95% CI. When the IVW method was statistically significant, further sensitivity analysis was performed. Leave-one-out test, heterogeneity test, horizontal gene pleiotropy test and MR-Egger regression intercept analysis were used to verify the stability and reliability of the results. Results:A total of 10 causal relationships between gut microbiota and lung function (FEV1/FVC) were determined using the IVW method: family. BacteroidalesS24.7group ( β=-0.029, P=0.015), family. ClostridialesvadinBB60group ( β=-0.028, P=0.040), family. Streptococcaceae ( β=-0.056, P=0.042), genus. LachnospiraceaeFCS020group ( β=0.025, P=0.029), genus. Lactococcus ( β=-0.024, P=0.038), genus. Peptococcus ( β=0.025, P=0.049), genus. RuminococcaceaeUCG011 ( β=-0.030, P=0.038), genus. Ruminococcus2 ( β=0.028, P=0.033), genus. Terrisporobacter ( β=-0.030, P=0.018), phylum. Cyanobacteria ( β=0.027, P=0.039). Leave-one-out analysis showed that the results were stable, and the effects of heterogeneity and horizontal gene pleiotropy on causal effect estimation could be removed. Conclusion:The gut microbiota may play a role in the changes of lung function, which to a certain extent confirms the TCM theory of "exterior-interior relationship between the lung and large intestine", and can provide certain reference for the research direction of TCM.

Objective:To retrospectively analyze the clinical and pathologic characteristics, response to treatment, survival, and prognosis of patients with primary large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system (PCNSLBCL) .Methods:Clinical and pathologic data of 70 patients with PCNSLBCL admitted to Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from December 2010 to November 2022 were collected for retrospective analysis. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, and prognosis analysis was conducted using the Cox proportional hazards model.Results:Among 70 patients with PCNSLBCL, complete remission (CRs) were achieved in 49 (70.0% ) and partial remission in 4 (5.7% ) after the first-line induction therapy; the overall remission rate was 75.7%. The 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 55.8% and the median progression-free survival (mPFS) time was 35.9 months, whereas the 2-year overall survival (OS) rate was 79.1% with a median OS time not reached. After CR induced by first-line therapy, cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) was lower in patients who had received auto-HSCT than in those who had not received consolidation therapy ( P=0.032), whose 2-year PFS rate was 54.4% and mPFS time was 35.9 months; comparatively, the 2-year PFS rate in patients having received oral maintenance of small molecule drugs reached 84.4% with a mPFS time of 79.5 months ( P=0.038). Multivariant analysis demonstrated that Class 3 in the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) prognostic model is an independent adverse prognostic factor of OS in patients with PCNSLBCL ( HR=3.127, 95% CI 1.057-9.253, P=0.039) . Conclusions:In patients with PCNSLBCL achieving CR after the first-line induction therapy, auto-HSCT as consolidation therapy would lead to a decreased CIR, and PFS time could be prolonged by oral maintenance of small molecule drugs. Class 3 MSKCC prognostic model is independently associated with poorer OS.

Objective:To investigate the application value of cystic plate approach (CPA) for extrahepatic right hepatic pedicle dissection in minimally invasive anatomical hepatectomy (MIALR).Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 42 patients with primary liver cancer who underwent laparoscopic right hemi-hepatectomy in Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University from August 2020 to August 2022 were collected. There were 36 males and 6 females, aged (55±13)years. Of the 42 patients, 25 cases undergoing CPA for extrahepatic right hepatic pedicle dissection were divided into the CPA group, and 17 cases undergoing traditional approach for extrahepatic right hepatic pedicle dissection were divided into the traditional approach group. Observation indicators: (1) surgical situations; (2) postoperative situations. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( IQR), and comparison between groups was conducted using the Mann?Whitney U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi?square test or Fisher exact probability. Comparison of ordinal data was conducted using the non‐parameter rank sum test. Results:(1) Surgical situations. All patients in the two groups underwent laparoscopic right hemi-hepatectomy successfully, with the surgical margin as negative. The operative time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, time of dissection of the targeted hepatic pedicle, cases undergoing dissection of the trunk of right anterior hepatic pedicle and its operation time, cases undergoing dissection of the trunk of right posterior hepatic pedicle and its operation time, cases with hepatic pedicle injury, cases with hepatic tissue injury, cases with dissection space as large and small were 150.00(130.00)minutes, 100.00(100.00)mL, 472.00(201.00)seconds, 10 and 366.00(94.75)seconds, 9 and 564.00(138.50)seconds, 2, 2, 25, 0 in patients of the CPA group, versus 140.00(113.00)minutes, 100.00(125.00)mL, 670.00(107.00)seconds, 8 and 663.00(136.00)seconds, 7 and 783.00(189.00)seconds, 8, 5, 2, 19 in patients of the traditional approach group. There were significant differences in the time of dissection of the targeted hepatic pedicle, time of dissection of the trunk of right anterior hepatic pedicle, time of dissection of the trunk of right posterior hepatic pedicle, hepatic tissue injury, dissection space between the two groups ( Z=-4.809, -3.254, -3.188, χ2=6.493, 34.314, P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in the operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, dissection of the trunk of right anterior hepatic pedicle, dissection of the trunk of right posterior hepatic pedicle, hepatic tissue injury between the two groups ( Z=-0.282, -0.412, χ2=0.095, 0.002, 1.976, P>0.05). (2) Postoperative situations. There was no patient undergoing postoperative hemorrhage in both of the two groups. The alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin (TBil) and prothrombin time (PT) at postoperative day 3, cases with postoperative biliary fistula, pathological type of tumor (hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma) were 68.00(48.50)U/L, 52.00(35.50)U/L, 28.30(12.35)mmol/L, 12.40(2.40)seconds, 2, 21, 4 in patients of the CPA group. The above indicators were 58.00(25.00)U/L, 41.00(19.50)U/L, 26.80(14.25)mmol/L, 12.50(2.95)seconds, 5, 15, 2 in patients of the traditional approach group. There was no significant difference in the ALT, AST, TBil, PT at postoperative day 3, cases with postoperative biliary fistula between the two groups ( Z=-1.218, -1.488, -0.205, -0.320, χ2=1.976, P>0.05), and there was no significant difference in the pathological type of tumor between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Application of CPA for extrahepatic right hepatic pedicle dissection in MIALR is safe and feasible.

Objective:To investigate the safety of minimally invasive liver resection for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) complicated with portal hypertension.Methods:The propensity score matching and retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 807 patients with resectable HCC who underwent minimally invasive liver resection in 8 medical centers, including Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Affiliated with the Zhejiang University School of Medicine et al, from June 2011 to November 2022 were collected. There were 670 males and 137 females, aged 58(50,66)years. Of the 807 patients, 173 cases with portal hypertension were divided into the portal hypertension group, and 634 cases without portal hypertension were divided into the non-portal hypertension group. Observation indicators: (1) propensity score matching and comparison of general data of patients between the two groups after matching; (2) intraoperative and post-operative situations; (3) subgroup analysis. Propensity score matching was done by the 1:1 nearest neighbor matching method, with the caliper setting as 0.001. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3), and comparison between groups was conducted using the rank sum test. Count data were described as absolute numbers, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Comparison of ordinal data was constructed using the non-parameter rank sun test. Results:(1) Propensity score matching and comparison of general data of patients between the two groups after matching. Of the 807 patients, 268 cases were successfully matched, including 134 cases in the portal hypertension group and 134 cases in the non-portal hypertension group. The elimination of the tumor diameter and robot-assisted surgery confounding bias ensured comparability between the two groups after propensity score matching. (2) Intraoperative and postoperative situations. The occlusion time of porta hepatis, cases with intraoperative blood transfusion, cases with postoperative complication, cases with complication >Ⅱ grade of Clavien-Dindo classification, cases of Clavien-Dindo classification as Ⅰ grade, Ⅱ grade, Ⅲ grade, Ⅳ grade, cases with liver related complication were 27.0(15.0,43.0)minutes, 33, 55, 15, 13, 29, 14, 1, 37 in the portal hypertension group, versus 35.0(22.0,60.0)minutes, 17, 25, 5, 14, 9, 4, 1, 13 in the non-portal hypertension group, showing significant differences in the above indicators between the two groups ( Z=-2.15, χ2=6.30, 16.39, 4.38, 20.72, 14.16, P<0.05). (3) Subgroup analysis. Results of subgroups analysis showed that in cases with major live resection, the operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, duration of postoperative hospital stay were 243.5(174.6,296.3)minutes, 200.0(150.0,600.0)mL, 7.5(6.0,13.0)days in the portal hypertension group, versus 270.0(180.0,314.5)minutes, 200.0 (75.0,450.0)mL, 7.0(5.5,10.0)days in the non-portal hypertension group, showing no significant difference in the above indicators between the two groups ( Z=-0.54, -1.73, -0.92, P>0.05). In cases with non-major live resection, the operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, duration of postoperative hospital stay were 170.0(120.0,227.5)minutes, 100.0(50.0,200.0)mL, 8.0(5.0,10.0)days in the portal hypertension group, versus 170.0(120.0,227.5)minutes, 100.0(50.0,200.0)mL, 7.0(5.5,9.0)days in the non-portal hypertension group, showing no significant difference in the above indicators between the two groups ( Z=-1.39, -0.10, 1.05, P>0.05). In cases with anatomical liver resection, the operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, duration of postoperative hospital stay were 210.0(150.0,285.0)minutes, 150.0(50.0,200.0)mL, 8.0(6.0,9.3)days in the portal hypertension group, versus 225.5(146.3,306.8)minutes, 100.0(50.0,250.0)mL, 7.0(6.0,9.0)days in the non-portal hypertension group, showing no significant difference in the above indica-tors between the two groups ( Z=-0.75, -0.26, -0.91, P>0.05). In cases with non-anatomical liver resection, the operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, duration of postoperative hospital stay were 173.5(120.0,231.5)minutes, 175.0(50.0,300.0)mL, 7.0(5.0,11.0)days in the portal hyper-tension group, versus 186.0(123.0,262.5)minutes, 100.0(50.0,200.0)mL, 7.0(5.0,9.5)days in the non-portal hypertension group, showing no significant difference in the above indicators between the two groups ( Z=-0.97, -1.12, -0.98, P>0.05). Conclusion:Minimally invasive liver resection or even major liver resection is safe and feasible for screened HCC patients complicated with portal hyper-tension, but attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of postoperative complications.

Objective:To investigate the application value of cystic plate approach (CPA) for extrahepatic right hepatic pedicle dissection in minimally invasive anatomical hepatectomy (MIALR).Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 42 patients with primary liver cancer who underwent laparoscopic right hemi-hepatectomy in Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University from August 2020 to August 2022 were collected. There were 36 males and 6 females, aged (55±13)years. Of the 42 patients, 25 cases undergoing CPA for extrahepatic right hepatic pedicle dissection were divided into the CPA group, and 17 cases undergoing traditional approach for extrahepatic right hepatic pedicle dissection were divided into the traditional approach group. Observation indicators: (1) surgical situations; (2) postoperative situations. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( IQR), and comparison between groups was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Comparison of ordinal data was conducted using the non‐parameter rank sum test. Results:(1) Surgical situations. All patients in the two groups underwent laparos-copic right hemi-hepatectomy successfully, with the surgical margin as negative. The operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, time of dissection of the targeted hepatic pedicle, cases under-going dissection of the trunk of right anterior hepatic pedicle and its operation time, cases under-going dissection of the trunk of right posterior hepatic pedicle and its operation time, cases with hepatic pedicle injury, cases with hepatic tissue injury, cases with dissection space as large and small were 150.00(130.00)minutes, 100.00(100.00)mL, 472.00(201.00)seconds, 10 and 366.00(94.75)seconds, 9 and 564.00(138.50)seconds, 2, 2, 25, 0 in patients of the CPA group, versus 140.00(113.00)minutes, 100.00(125.00)mL, 670.00(107.00)seconds, 8 and 663.00(136.00)seconds, 7 and 783.00(189.00)seconds, 8, 5, 2, 19 in patients of the traditional approach group. There were significant differences in the time of dissection of the targeted hepatic pedicle, time of dissection of the trunk of right anterior hepatic pedicle, time of dissection of the trunk of right posterior hepatic pedicle, hepatic pedicle injury, dissection space between the two groups ( Z=-4.809, -3.254, -3.188, χ2=6.493, 34.314, P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in the operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss, dissection of the trunk of right anterior hepatic pedicle, dissection of the trunk of right posterior hepatic pedicle, hepatic tissue injury between the two groups ( Z=-0.282, -0.412, χ2=0.095, 0.002, 1.976, P>0.05). (2) Postoperative situations. There was no patient under-going postoperative hemorrhage in both of the two groups. The alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin (TBil) and prothrombin time (PT) at postoperative day 3, cases with postoperative biliary fistula, pathological type of tumor (hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma) were 68.00(48.50)U/L, 52.00(35.50)U/L, 28.30(12.35)mmol/L, 12.40(2.40)seconds, 2, 21, 4 in patients of the CPA group. The above indicators were 58.00(25.00)U/L, 41.00(19.50)U/L, 26.80(14.25)mmol/L, 12.50(2.95)seconds, 5, 15, 2 in patients of the traditional approach group. There was no significant difference in the ALT, AST, TBil, PT at postoperative day 3, postoperative biliary fistula between the two groups ( Z=-1.218, -1.488, -0.205, -0.320, χ2=1.976, P>0.05), and there was no significant difference in the pathological type of tumor between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Application of CPA for extrahepatic right hepatic pedicle dissection in MIALR is safe and feasible.

Due to the lack of real-time monitoring information of traditional epidemiological investigation methods， in recent years， a new method of obtaining relevant epidemiological information through wastewater analysis has become an effective way to maintain the health of the population， which is called wastewater-based epidemiology. Information obtained from the chemical analysis of wastewater can be used to estimate exposure or consumption of chemicals. This work introduces the principle and the investigation method of wastewater-based epidemiology. Compared with traditional epidemiological survey methods， the advantages and disadvantages of wastewater-based epidemiology are analyzed. Development and prospects of wastewater-based epidemiological investigation methods in China are analyzed and some suggestions are discussed.