ObjectiveTo review the interoceptive assessment tools in terms of structure, content and psychometric properties, based on the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). MethodsThe literature on interoceptive evaluation tools was retrieved from databases of CNKI, PubMed, Medline and EBSCO. The principal structures and contents of the assessment tools were analyzed based on the ICF framework, and the quality of the psychometric properties were appraised using COSMIN. ResultsA total of 13 interoceptive assessment tools were ultimately included, involving 16 literature references. There were five interoceptive sensitivity tools, four accuracy tools and four awareness tools. In terms of content, interoceptive sensitivity tools involved 33 categories of body functions, six categories of activities and participation, and one of environmental factors; while interoceptive accuracy tools only involved seven categories of body function, and two of activities and participation items; interoceptive awareness tools involved 30 categories of body function, four categories of activities and participation, and three of environmental factors. In terms of psychometric properties, Body Perception Questionnaire-Short Form (BPQ-SF) was the sensitivity tool with the best reliability and validity (qualified rate of 7/8), followed by Interoceptive Sensitivity Questionnaire (ISQ) (qualified rate of 6/8). Most of the accuracy tools adopted standardized measurement methods, but lacked sufficient reliability and validity verification. The awareness tools were good in reliability and validity (qualified rate above 5/8), especially Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA-1) and Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ) (qualified rate of 8/8). ConclusionBPQ-SF and ISQ are recommended for interoceptive sensitivity assessment, Water-loading Test and Heart-beat Tracking Task for interoceptive accuracy assessment, and MAIA-1 and BAQ for interoceptive awareness assessment.

Children with specific language impairment(SLI)have normal cognitive abilities but experience language deficits.The heterogeneity of language disorders makes SLI children optimal subjects for investigating the correlation between language ability and theory of mind.This paper provides a comprehensive review of foreign em-pirical studies examining the relationship between language ability and theory of mind in SLI groups from various perspectives.The findings indicate that specific types of language disorders exhibit delayed development in theory of mind,which is closely associated with their language ability deficits.Among all linguistic elements,syntactic de-fects demonstrate the most concentrated evidence regarding their impact on theory of mind.It is noteworthy that al-though SLI children offer valuable insights into the correlation between language and theory of mind,further investi-gation is still required to comprehensively comprehend this association.The present study also provides recommenda-tions for future research endeavors in this domain.

Objective To explore the characteristics of response to joint attention(RJA)under diverse guiding behaviors for pre-schoolers with moderate to severe autism spectrum disorder(ASD). Methods From March to May,2023,21 children with moderate to severe ASD and 16 children with developmental de-lays matched the physiological ages were selected from Jiaxing Sunlight Rehabilitation Kindergarten,and 16 typ-ical developmental children matched the physiological ages were selected from the kindergartens nearby.They accepted a behavioral experiment on RJA.The number of RJA,frequence of RJA and the coefficient of variation of guiding behaviors needed to RJA were compared among the three groups. Results About half of the ASD group responded after guiding of head-turning,and the others required higher levels of guiding.The frequence of RJA after guiding of head-turning was less in the ASD group than in the typical devel-opment group(χ2>6.170,P<0.05),and the coefficient of variation of guiding behaviors was more(d=4.039,P<0.001). Conclusion Preschoolers with moderate to severe ASD are able to respond to joint attention,and this ability is poorer than typically developing children.The guiding behavior of the evaluator should be considered in assessing and intervening RJA in preschoolers with ASD.

Objective:To analyze the changes of fasting plasma glucose(FPG)level before and after menopause.Methods:Kailuan health checkup cohort was used to extract data of women aged≥18 years who participated in the first physical examination of Kailuan physical examination cohort and had menopausal age at the end of the seventh physical examination. A total of 3 749 women with 22 057 physical examination records were included in the analysis. Natural logarithmic transformation was applied to FPG, and a segmented linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the changes in ln-transformed FPG before and after menopause. Additionally, an interaction analysis was performed to assess the multiplicative effect of baseline age and baseline body mass index(BMI)on ln-transformed FPG concerning pre- and post-menopausal periods.Results:The average age of the first physical examination for women in this study was (45.63±4.52)years, the median menopausal age was 51(50~53)years, and the median number of physical examinations was 6(5~7)times. The results of the piecewise linear mixed effect model showed that lnFPG increased from 1 year before menopause, with an average annual increase of 0.021 mmol/L, and continued to increase from menopause to 5 years after menopause, with an average annual increase of 0.007 mmol/L. LnFPG tended to be stable after 5 years of menopause. Baseline age could affect the changes of lnFPG before and after menopause, and there was a negative multiplicative interaction between baseline age ≥45 years and the time period from 6 years to 1 year before menopause( P=0.032). Women with baseline age ≥45 years had a higher average annual increase in lnFPG from 1 year before menopause to 5 years after menopause than women with baseline age <45 years( P<0.05). On lnFPG, there was a positive multiplicative interaction between baseline BMI and time segments around menopause. Compared to women with BMI <24.0 kg/m 2, obese women displayed more annual increase in lnFPG from 6 years to 1 year before menopause as well as from menopause to 5 years after menopause( P<0.05). Conclusions:Menopause has an adverse impact on FPG, with the most significant changes occurring within the period of one year before menopause and up to five years after menopause. Age and BMI significantly influence the changes in FPG before and after menopause.

Small for gestational age (SGA) infants are more likely to experience neurocognitive impairments compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. This paper reviews recent research on the neurocognitive development of SGA children. SGA can lead to a "brain-sparing effect" due to growth restriction, which may affect cerebral blood flow and brain structure. However, this does not guarantee normal brain development. Restrictive blood flow can result in changes in brain structure, such as reduced total white matter and gray matter volume in various brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum, ultimately leading to decreased head circumference. SGA children also exhibit lower scores in all neurocognitive domains, including intelligence, attention, memory, and executive function. This may result in poor academic performance and an increased risk of social, behavioral, and neurological problems, such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, visual and hearing impairments, as well as comorbidities like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), autism spectrum disorder(ASD), anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. Several risk factors for SGA-related neurocognitive impairments have been identified, including gestational hypertension, abnormal gestational weight, smoking, and catch-up growth. Studies have shown that the best interventions to improve cognitive dysplasia include nutrient supplementation, continued breastfeeding, high-quality education, and appropriate early intervention (responsive parenting) are effective in improving cognitive outcomes for SGA children.

As a new hypoglycemic drug,Dapagliflozin has attracted much attention because of its unique hypoglycemic mechanism. It has been used in many studies on type 2 diabetes mellitus,but the application of type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)in the eastern population is rare. This article uses Dapagliflozin through a case of obese T1DM to provide new ideas for the treatment of T1DM.

Exposure to ionizing radiation intervenes in genomic stability and gene expression,resulting in the disruption of normal metabolic processes in cells and organs by causing complex biolog-ical responses.Altered genomic variations,gene expression and metabolite concentrations in blood or tissue samples reflect systemic radiation damage.With the application of new techniques and exten-sive study on the mechanisms for ionizing radiation damage,related indicators such as chromosomal variation,gene expression,lipid and metabolism are being recognized and promise to be the markers for early diagnosis and prognosis of radiation exposure.Therefore,this article reviews recent progress in and potential applications of biomarkers related to ionizing radiation injury.

Multiple primary lung cancer(MPLC)refers to patients with two or more primary lesions of lung cancer.It can be divided into synchronous MPLC(sMPLC)and metachronous MPLC(mMPLC)based on the timing of occurrence.In recent years,the detection rate of MPLC has gradually increased.However,considerable controversy exists in distinguishing MPLC from intrapulmonary metastasis(IM),especially when the histopathological types are identical.Given the significant differences in treatment strategies and prognosis in clinical practice currently,accurate diagnosis of MPLC is cru-cial for personalized precision therapy.Molecular genetics and sequencing technologies offer effective strategies for assessing the clonal origin of tumors.There have been reports of coexisting mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)and anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)fusion genes in non-small cell lung cancer,but case of EGFR mutation following an ALK mutation has not been mentioned.This article accurately diagnoses and retrospectively analyzes the clinical data of a case of ALK mutant adenocarcinoma in a male patient who developed an EGFR mutation with multiple metastases four years after surgery,and reviews the relevant literature.This paper aims to deepen the understanding of mMPLC and provide clinical refer-ences for the diagnosis and treatment of such patients.

Objective:To investigate the training effect of order-oriented medical students in Yunnan Province of China and related influencing factors and targeted suggestions, and to improve the training effect of order-oriented medical students in residency training bases in Yunnan Province.Methods:The stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 8 general residency training bases, and a questionnaire survey was performed among the 621 order-oriented students in these training bases. Finally, 616 valid questionnaires were collected. SPSS 26.0 was used to perform the two-sample rank sum test, the K-W test, and the ordered multinomial logistic regression analysis.Results:The training effect of the "5+3" order-oriented medical students in Yunnan Province was between generally good (48.29%) and good (45.37%). The effect of the provincial general training base is better than that of the municipal general training base, and most training students at the province level (167, 59.64%) thought that the training effect was good, while most of the training students at the prefecture or municipal level (194, 57.91%) thought that the training effect was generally good. When the teaching level of the teachers can meet the teaching work, the residential training effect of the order-oriented residential training students is well evaluated (197,68.17%). When skill training was carried out by the base at least once a month, most of the order-oriented trainees (96, 48.73%) thought that the training effect was good. The ordered multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that the nature of the base, sex, attitude towards policy, psychological state, teaching competency of teachers, perfection of the fund guarantee system, consistency of training plan with requirements, consistency of training process with requirements, and consistency of teaching activities with requirements were influencing factors for the training effect of "5+3" order-oriented medical students in residency training bases of Yunnan Province ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The training effect of "5+3" order-oriented medical students in residency training bases of Yunnan Province was between generally good and good. The training effect of bases can be improved by strengthening the construction of infrastructure, giving full play to the role of base linkage, perfecting the training plan, improving implementation and execution, building up a perfect fund guarantee system, enhancing the construction of general teaching team, emphasizing skill practice training, and implementing diversified training activities.

Objective:To investigate the value of chain management of perioperative pressure injury in patients undergoing supine craniocerebral injury, so as to provide reference for the prevention of pressure injury and the application of chain management.Methods:In this retrospective study, a total of 116 patients with craniocerebral injury who underwent supine surgery in Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital from December 2019 to December 2020 were included in the control group, using traditional perioperative pressure injury management protocol. And 124 patients admitted from January 2021 to December 2021 were included in the observation group, and were managed by the pressure injury chain management scheme. The risk assessment/judgment rate of pressure ulcers, the risk assessment/judgment accuracy rate of pressure ulcers, the implementation rate of intervention measures, the qualified rate of intervention records and the reported rate of high-risk patients with pressure ulcers in the two groups were analyzed. The occurrence of stress injury and medical expenses of the two groups of patients were investigated.Results:The risk assessment/judgment rate of pressure ulcers, the risk assessment/judgment accuracy rate of pressure ulcers, the implementation rate of intervention measures, the qualified rate of intervention records and the reported rate of high-risk patients with pressure ulcers were 100.00%(124/124), 96.77%(120/124), 92.74%(115/124), 93.55%(116/124), 100.00%(29/29) in the observation group, which were 77.59%(90/116), 72.41%(84/116), 68.97%(80/116), 68.97%(80/116), 83.33%(30/36) in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 values were 22.24-31.17, all P<0.05). The overall incidence of stress injury in the observation group and the control group was 15.52%(18/116) and 3.23%(4/124), respectively, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( χ2=10.88, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total hospitalization cost between the two groups ( P>0.05). The cost of stress-related consumables was (144.94 ± 47.28) yuan in the observation group and (194.21 ± 55.76) yuan in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=7.40, P<0.05). Conclusions:Perioperative stress injury chain management can reduce the incidence of pressure injury in patients with craniocerebral injury, improve service quality, and reduce medical costs, with good clinical application value.