To develop a guideline terminology system and promote its standardization, thereby enhancing medical staff's accurate understanding and correct application of guidelines.

To introduce and analyze guideline terminology related to clinical question formulation, evidence retrieval and appraisal, and recommendation development.

To explore the role of the "Clinical Practice Guidelines" column and others in the Medical Joumnal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Med J PUMCH) in promoting diseiplinary development.

With the development of the Scientific, Transparent and Applicable Rankings tool for clinical practice guidelines(STAR), the publication of evaluation and ranking for scientificity, transparency and applicability of Chinese guidelines and consensus published in the medical journals in 2021and 2022, as well as the publication of the STAR evaluation and ranking for some specialities, the STAR evaluation and ranking has received widespread attention in the medical community. In order to further enhance its scientificity and transparency, Methodology and Technology Specialization Committee of the STAR Working Group presents this article to introduce sample identification and speciality assignment in the evaluation and ranking process.

National health standards involve all kinds of technical requirements formulated and numbered in accordance with the procedures and formats stipulated in the standardisation system for the implementation of national health and hygiene laws, regulations and policies, and the protection of human health. The establishment of health standards in China should align with our legal framework, including laws, regulations, departmental rules, and health and hygiene policies. During the development of these standards, a comprehensive approach is advocated, encompassing in-depth investigations, rigorous demonstrations, and extensive stakeholder engagement. However, the process of standard formulation may suffer from insufficient research evidence. The evidence-based concept emphasizes the significance of evidence. Therefore, integrating evidence-based concept into the process of developing health standards can enhance the quality and scientific basis of these standards. This article systematically elucidates the current status and development process of health standards in China, explores the necessity and feasibility of incorporating evidence-based concept into the development of these standards, analyzes the challenges and opportunities, and presents reflections and suggestions.

The essence of clinical practice guidelines lies in their recommendations. It is common to find strong recommendations supported by low-quality evidence in current published guidelines. There is a typical misunderstanding among medical professionals that without high-quality evidence, it is impossible to develop high-quality guidelines or only expert consensus can be developed. Based on the GRADE approach, this paper explains the concept and clinical significance of low-quality evidence, and introduces the methods for formulating recommendations based on low-quality evidence in guidelines, with the aim to provide reference for guideline developers and users in China.

Expert evidence, expert opinion, and expert consensus are frequently mentioned and used in the process of guideline development. However, due to the lack of clear definitions and standards, there is confusion and misuse among the three in practice. This paper clarifies the meanings, current status, differences, and connections of expert evidence, expert opinion, and expert consensus in the development of guidelines, aiming to provide a reference for guideline developers in China.

Humans ; Hypertension/therapy* ; Publications ; Research Design

Objective: To systematically analyze the risk factors for urinary tract infection (UTI) in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), in order to provide scientific evidence for clinical prevention. Methods: Eight databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Database, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database and Chinese Biological Medical Literature Database were retrieved for the case-control studies on PNS complicated with UTI in children.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eligible studies were selected for meta-analysis by using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: Finally, 12 case-control studies were included, 917 children in the case group and 2 784 children in the control group.Compared with children without UTI, statistically significant difference existed in children with UTI of elevated 24-hour urine protein [standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.45, 95% CI: 0.02-0.88], decreased serum albumin (SMD=-1.06, 95%CI: -1.14--0.97), elevated serum cholesterol [weighted mean difference (MD)=2.28, 95%CI: 1.61-2.95], elevated serum low density lipoprotein (SMD=0.57, 95%CI: 0.37-0.77), decreased plasma IgG (SMD=-0.76, 95%CI: -0.94 to-0.58), elevated plasma IgM (MD=0.28, 95%CI: 0.11-0.46), high-dose hormone (MD=0.75, 95%CI: 0.58-0.92), and long time hormone use[<15 d odds ratio (OR)=-0.20, 95%CI: 0.10-0.42; ≥15 d OR=5.00, 95%CI: 2.38-10.50]. Conclusions Massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, hypercholesterolemia, high level of low density lipoprotein, decreased plasma IgG, high-dose hormone and long time hormone use are risk factors for UTI in children with PNS.

To investigate the current status of the postpartum weight retention (PPWR) in Kaifu District of Changsha, and explore the influential factors with PPWR based on the generalized estimating equation model.
 Methods: A cluster sampling method was applied to select women who gave birth at the health service centers of 3 street communities in Kaifu District of Changsha during 2015. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 783 cases were finally included in the study. Data on PPWR were collected prospectively by using the self-made questionnaire at 1, 3, 6 and 8 months after childbirth. Analysis were performed to investigate the associations between PPWR and its potential factors with generalized estimation equation model.
 Results: The mean PPWR of women was gradually decreased with the increase of postpartum time, and 34.6% of them have returned to the pre-pregnancy weight in the 8 months postpartum. Our findings revealed that gestation weight gain (GWG), pre-pregnancy body mass index, feeding patterns, and delivery mode were significantly associated with maternal PPWR (P<0.05). In contrast, maternal age, educational level, per capita income of family, parity and postpartum depression were not contributed to PPWR (P>0.05).
 Conclusion: GWG is one of the most important predictors for PPWR. The key to reducing PPWR is to control GWG systematically. Early targeted interventions and health education should be taken to prevent women from excessive PPWR at the first-year postpartum, in particular to the women who underwent cesarean deliveries and breastfed their infants. It is conducive to reduce the risks of overweight or obesity caused by PPWR.
Body Mass Index ; Female ; Gestational Weight Gain ; Humans ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy