Introduction: Caffeine use disorder (CUD), a problematic caffeine use pattern, is yet to be recognized under DSM-5 and is under consideration for further research. This study aimed to determine if the sex, employment status, and smoking status of Quezon City residents aged 18 years old and above are associated with CUD, and to determine the mean daily caffeine consumption (MDCC) of caffeinated products and the proportion of individuals meeting the CUD criteria. Methods: A total of 334 respondents accomplished the online survey that collected socio-demographic information and evaluated CUD using an 8-point Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire (CCQ). Results: The study population was mostly composed of females, unemployed, and non-smokers. Results showed that 17% of respondents have CUD, that brewed coffee was most consumed daily, the MDCC of the study population was 158.31 mg; and females were at an increased risk for CUD, while nonsmokers and unemployed individuals were at reduced risk. Conclusion The proportion of Quezon city residents that have CUD is at 17%, consuming an average of 158.31 mg of coffee daily, with brewed coffee being consumed most. Female residents are at an increased risk of having CUD, while nonsmokers and unemployed individuals are at a decreased risk.
Caffeine ; Coffee ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

OBJECTIVES: To explore the optimal maintenance dose of caffeine citrate for preterm infants requiring assisted ventilation and caffeine citrate treatment. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 566 preterm infants (gestational age ≤34 weeks) who were treated and required assisted ventilation and caffeine citrate treatment in the neonatal intensive care unit of 30 tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu Province of China between January 1 and December 31, 2019. The 405 preterm infants receiving high-dose (10 mg/kg per day) caffeine citrate after a loading dose of 20 mg/kg within 24 hours after birth were enrolled as the high-dose group. The 161 preterm infants receiving low-dose (5 mg/kg per day) caffeine citrate were enrolled as the low-dose group. RESULTS: Compared with the low-dose group, the high-dose group had significant reductions in the need for high-concentration oxygen during assisted ventilation (P=0.044), the duration of oxygen inhalation after weaning from noninvasive ventilation (P<0.01), total oxygen inhalation time during hospitalization (P<0.01), the proportion of preterm infants requiring noninvasive ventilation again (P<0.01), the rate of use of pulmonary surfactant and budesonide (P<0.05), and the incidence rates of apnea and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P<0.01), but the high-dose group had a significantly increased incidence rate of feeding intolerance (P=0.032). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the body weight change, the incidence rates of retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular hemorrhage or necrotizing enterocolitis, the mortality rate, and the duration of caffeine use (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This pilot multicenter study shows that the high maintenance dose (10 mg/kg per day) is generally beneficial to preterm infants in China and does not increase the incidence rate of common adverse reactions. For the risk of feeding intolerance, further research is needed to eliminate the interference of confounding factors as far as possible.
Caffeine/therapeutic use* ; Citrates ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Respiration, Artificial ; Retrospective Studies

Animals ; Caffeine/adverse effects* ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects* ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Fetal Growth Retardation/chemically induced* ; Immune System Diseases/chemically induced* ; Male ; Organ Size/drug effects* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/immunology* ; Rats ; Spleen/growth & development*

Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is one of the common diseases in preterm infants. The main cause of AOP is immature development of the respiratory control center. If AOP is not treated timely and effectively, it will lead to respiratory failure, hypoxic brain injury, and even death in severe cases. Caffeine is the first choice for the treatment of AOP, but its effectiveness varies in preterm infants. With the deepening of AOP research, more and more genetic factors have been confirmed to play important roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of AOP; in particular, the influence of single nucleotide polymorphism on the efficacy of caffeine has become a research hotspot in recent years. This article reviews the gene polymorphisms that affect the efficacy of caffeine, in order to provide a reference for individualized caffeine therapy. Citation.
Apnea/genetics* ; Caffeine/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Premature, Diseases ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

This study established the ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC) fingerprint of Xinnaojian preparations. With epicatechin gallate as the internal reference substance, a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) method for determining the content of nine components(gallic acid, epigallocatechin, catechin, caffeine, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, and catechin gallate) in Xinnaojian preparations was established. The content determined by the external standard method(ESM) and QAMS method was compared to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of QAMS method. The results showed that the standard curves of nine components had good linear relationship within the test concentration ranges. The average recoveries were 87.57%-107.4%, and the RSD was 1.5%-2.9%. Except epigallocatechin, the other components showed good repeatability under different experimental conditions. Epigallocatechin could meet the requirements in the same instrument and at the same wavelength. The results generally showed no significant difference between QAMS and ESM. The content of 9 components varied between the samples from different manufacturers, while it showed no significant difference between the samples from the same manufacturer. In summary, the UPLC fingerprint combined with QAMS method is feasible and accurate for determining the content of the nine components, which can be used for rapid quality evaluation of Xinnaojian preparations.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/analysis* ; Gallic Acid/analysis* ; Caffeine

OBJECTIVE: To carry out genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis for a Chinese pedigree with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) but no specimen from the affected probands. METHODS: All affected individuals in this pedigrees were male and had deceased during childhood, with no biological specimen left. Based on their typical neurological dysfunction and tendency for self-mutilation, the diagnosis of LNS was suspected. Sanger sequencing was carried out to detect potential variant of the HPRT1 gene among female members from the pedigree. Following the identification of the pathogenic variant, prenatal diagnosis was provided for a high-risk fetus. RESULTS: The proband's mother and three other females were found to harbor heterozygous c.500_501delGGinsC (p.Arg167fs*23) variant of the HPRT1 gene, which was unreported previously. Prenatal diagnosis showed that the fetus was a male and had inherited the same pathogenic variant. CONCLUSION The c.500_501delGGinsC variant of the HPRT1 gene probably underlay the LNS in this pedigree. Above finding has provided a basis for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling for this pedigree.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome/genetics* ; Pedigree ; Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase/genetics* ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; China ; Mutation

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of preparing different doses of tablets for personalized treatment by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology, and to evaluate the in vitro quality of the FDM 3D printed tablets. METHODS: Three different sizes of hollow tablets were prepared by fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filaments. Theophylline was chosen as the model drug. In the study, 20 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg of theophylline was filled into the cavity of the tablets, respectively. The microscopic morphology of the tablets was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The weight variation of the tablets was investigated by weighing method. The hardness of the tablets was measured by tablet hardness tester. The contents of the drugs in the tablets were determined by ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), and the dissolution apparatus was used to assay the in vitro drug release of the tablets. RESULTS: The prepared FDM 3D printed tablets were all in good shape without printing defects. And there was no leakage phenomenon. The diameter and thickness of the tablets were consistent with the design. The layers were tightly connected, and the fine structure of the formulation could be clearly observed without printing defects by scanning electron microscopy. The average weight of the three sizes of tablets was (150.5±2.3) mg, (293.6±2.6) mg and (456.2±5.6) mg, respectively. The weight variation of the three sizes of tablets were boss less than 5%, which met the requirements; The hardness of the tablets all exceeded 200 N; The contents of theophylline in the three tablets were 98.0%, 97.2% and 97.9% of the dosage (20 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg), and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.06%, 1.15% and 0.63% respectively; The time for 80% drug released from the three dosage of tablets was within 30 min. CONCLUSION Three different dosages of theophylline tablets were successfully prepared by FDM 3D printing technology in this study. The exploration may bring beneficial for the preparation of personalized dose preparations. We expect that with the development of 3D printing technology, FDM 3D printed personalized tablets can be used in the clinic as soon as possible to provide personalized treatment for patients.
Humans ; Theophylline/chemistry* ; Tablets/chemistry* ; Drug Liberation ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Polyvinyl Alcohol/chemistry* ; Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods*

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical effect of an additional maintenance dose (5 mg/kg) of caffeine citrate injection at 1 hour before ventilator weaning in improving the success rate of ventilator weaning in preterm infants (gestational age ≤32 weeks) with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) on mechanical ventilation. METHODS: A total of 338 preterm infants with RDS (gestational age of ≤32 weeks) who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Xiamen Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2017 to December 2019 and treated with mechanical ventilation were enrolled. They were randomly divided into an observation group and a routine group, with 169 infants in each group. Both groups received early routine treatment with caffeine. The infants in the observation group received an additional maintenance dose of caffeine citrate injection at 1 hour before ventilator weaning. The two groups were compared in terms of reintubation rate and number of apnea episodes within 48 hours after ventilator weaning, changes in blood gas parameters, blood glucose, heart rate, and mean blood pressure at 2 hours after ventilator weaning, and incidence rates of major complications during hospitalization. RESULTS: Compared with the routine group, the observation group had significantly lower reintubation rate ( CONCLUSIONS An additional maintenance dose of caffeine citrate injection at 1 hour before ventilator weaning is safe and effective in improving the success rate of ventilator weaning in preterm infants with RDS and thus holds promise for clinical application.
Caffeine ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Maintenance ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/therapy* ; Ventilator Weaning

In this experiment, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatographytandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was established for the determination of caffeine in commercially available Ginkgo Folium. The samples were extracted by ultrasonic method with methanol, and separated on Waters CORTECS T3 column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 2.7 μm), with mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid solution-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution for gradient elution, at flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1); column temperature of 30 ℃, and injection volume of 2 μL. Mass spectrometry was conducted at ESI~+ multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode; quantitative analysis was conducted with external standard method. The results showed that in the range of 0.099 6-9.96 ng·mL~(-1), there was a good linear relationship between the mass concentration of caffeine and the peak area, R~2=0.999; the average recovery was 84.51%, with RSD of 6.2%. The results of precision, repeatability and stability showed that the RSD was 5.1%, 5.9%, 7.2%, respectively. The content range of caffeine in 10 batches of Ginkgo Folium was 1.52-60.86 μg·kg~(-1). In conclusion, this method is accurate, reliable and reproducible, which provides a reference for the safety study of Ginkgo Folium.
Caffeine ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Ginkgo biloba ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of different maintenance doses of caffeine citrate on the success rate of ventilator weaning in very preterm infants (gestational age of ≤32 weeks) with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). METHODS: A total of 162 preterm infants with RDS who were admitted to the hospital from January 2016 to December 2018 were enrolled in this prospective trial. These infants had a gestational age of ≤32 weeks and required invasive mechanical ventilation. They were randomly divided into a high-dose caffeine group and a low-dose caffeine group, with 81 infants in each group. Within 6 hours after birth, both groups were given caffeine at a dose of 20 mg/kg. After 24 hours, the high- and low-dose caffeine groups were given caffeine at a maintenance dose of 10 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively. The two groups were compared in terms of re-intubation rate within 48 hours after ventilator weaning, durations of ventilation and oxygen therapy, enteral feeding, weight gain, and the incidence rates of complications and adverse reactions during hospitalization. RESULTS: The high-dose caffeine group had a significantly lower re-intubation rate within 48 hours after ventilator weaning than the low-dose caffeine group ( CONCLUSIONS A high maintenance dose of caffeine can safely and effectively reduce the incidence rate of apnea after ventilator weaning and the failure rate of ventilator weaning in RDS preterm infants with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks, and therefore, it holds promise for clinical application.
Caffeine ; Citrates ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/therapy* ; Ventilator Weaning