Objective To investigate the effect of varying ureteral wall thickness(UWT)at the site of ureteral stones on the clinical efficacy of ureteroscopic lithotripsy(URL).Methods The clinical data of 164 patients with ureteral stones in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.According to different UWT,the patients were divided into the mild thickening group(84 cases,UWT<3.16 mm),the moderate thickening group(31 cases,UWT 3.16 to 3.49 mm),and the severe thickening group(49 cases,UWT>3.49 mm),and the differences of clinical related indicators among the three groups were compared.Results The incidence of postoperative renal colic and leukocyte disorder in the mild thickening group and the moderate thickening group were lower than those in the severe thickening group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The postoperative catheterization time in the mild thickening group and the moderate thickening group were shorter than that in the severe thickening group,and the incidences of secondary lithotripsy,residual stones and stone return to kidney in the mild thickening group and the moderate thickening group were lower than those in the severe thickening group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).The length of hospital stay and hospitalization cost in the mild thickening group and the moderate thickening group were shorter/less than those in the severe thickening group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion With the increase of UWT(especially when UWT>3.49 mm),the incidence of postoperative complications and hospitalization cost of URL increase to varying degrees,and the surgical efficacy decreases.In clinical work,UWT measurement holds potential value in predicting the surgical efficacy and complications of URL.

Objective:To understand the status quo of self-regulating fatigue (SRF) in aged patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:This study is a cross-sectional study. From January to June 2022, 310 aged patients undergoing MHD from the blood purification centers of three ClassⅢ Grade A hospitals in Jinan, Shandong Province, were selected by convenience sampling. Various questionnaires, including the general information questionnaire, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale (SRF-S), Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire (MCMQ), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and 5-Item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-5), were used to investigate and analyze the factors influencing self-regulation of fatigue in aged patients undergoing MHD through univariate and multiple stepwise regression analysis.Results:The SRF-S score for the aged patients undergoing MHD was (42.26±7.86). The results of the multiple factor analysis showed that family average monthly income, depression, coping style, and self-efficacy were factors influencing SRF in these patients ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:It is urgent to pay attention to the current status of self-regulation of fatigue in aged patients undergoing MHD and take effective measures to improve their self-efficacy, promote positive coping strategies, alleviate depression, and reduce their level of SRF.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the care experience of family caregivers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, providing guidance for home care of ALS patients.Methods:Qualitative studies on the care experience of family caregivers for ALS patients were retrieved from PubMed, American Psychological Association Psychnet, CINAHL, Web of Science, Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, China Biology Medicine disc, WanFang Data, VIP, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The search period was from database establishment to October 30, 2022. The quality of literature was evaluated using the quality evaluation criteria for qualitative research of the Australia Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence-Based Health Care Center (2016 edition). The aggregative integration method was used to integrate the results using NVivo 11 software.Results:A total of 11 studies were included. A total of 22 complete and clear results were extracted and combined to form eight new categories, which were integrated into three results, namely, family caregivers facing personal development limitations and various family difficulties, experiencing complex and chaotic emotional experiences, and craving for diversified care support.Conclusions:Nursing staff should pay attention to the impact of ALS on their patient's family caregivers, provide caregiver knowledge and skill guidance, promote positive emotional experiences, and offer diversified care support to improve the quality of life of patients and family caregivers.

Traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome (TSOFS) is a symptom complex caused by nerve entrapment in the supraorbital fissure after skull base trauma. If the compressed cranial nerve in the supraorbital fissure is not decompressed surgically, ptosis, diplopia and eye movement disorder may exist for a long time and seriously affect the patients′ quality of life. Since its overall incidence is not high, it is not familiarized with the majority of neurosurgeons and some TSOFS may be complicated with skull base vascular injury. If the supraorbital fissure surgery is performed without treatment of vascular injury, it may cause massive hemorrhage, and disability and even life-threatening in severe cases. At present, there is no consensus or guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS that can be referred to both domestically and internationally. To improve the understanding of TSOFS among clinical physicians and establish standardized diagnosis and treatment plans, the Skull Base Trauma Group of the Neurorepair Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Neurosurgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Traumatology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Editorial Committee of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized relevant experts to formulate Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome ( version 2024) based on evidence of evidence-based medicine and clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment. This consensus puts forward 12 recommendations on the diagnosis, classification, treatment, efficacy evaluation and follow-up of TSOFS, aiming to provide references for neurosurgeons from hospitals of all levels to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS.

Objective Based on network pharmacology,molecular docking and animal experiment,this study explored the mechanism of Icariin combined with Prednisone in the treatment of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome(SRNS)in rats.Methods The targets of Icariin active components were determined by TCMSP,GeneCards and CTD databases.The targets of SRNS were screened from GeneCards,OMIM,CTD and DRUGBANK databases,Remove and integrate.Venn graph was drawn to obtain the intersection target.A protein-protein interaction network was constructed using STRING database,and core targets were screened by topological analysis using Cytoscape 3.7.2.DAVID 6.8 was employed for GO term enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment.And AutoDockTools Vina,PyMOL for molecular docking.SRNS rat model was constructed.The body weight of rats was measured,The 24-hour urinary protein quantity was detected,and the pathological morphology of renal tissue was observed by HE staining.,and the expression of core target proteins was de tected by Western blot.Results Network pharmacologic analysis showed that 139 targets corresponding to Icariin active ingredients were obtained,and 58 common targets were obtained by intersection with 1476 SRNS related targets.In PPI network,the top three degree values were Akt,JUN and IL6.KEGG enrichment analysis showed that Icariin played a therapeutic role in SRNS mainly by PI3K/AKT singnaling pathway.Molecular docking verification showed that Akt,PI3K and autophagy-related protein LC3-II had good binding activity with Icariin.Animal experiment result showed that Icariin combined with Prednisone significantly increased the body weight of SRNS rats(P<0.05),decreased the 24 hour urine protein quantity(P<0.01),and improved the glomerular morphological changes.The results of Western-blotting showed that Icariin combined with Prednisone could significantly improve the abnormal decrease of LC3-II protein and the abnormal increase of Akt and PI3K protein expression in renal tissue of SRNS rats(P<0.01).Conclusion Icariin can play a role in the treatment of SRNS through a multi-target and multi-pathway,regulate the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,and increase the autophagy activity of kidney tissue in SRNS rats,which may be one of its main mechanisms.

Objective:To explore the distribution characteristics of memory B cells and its relationship with bone erosion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to further understand the mechanism of B cells in the pathogenesis of RA.Methods:B cell subsets in peripheral blood of 200 RA patients and 50 healthy individuals were detected by flow cytometry. According to the surface markers CD19, CD27 and lgD, B cells were divided into CD19 +CD27 +lgD - switched memory B cells, CD19 +CD27 +lgD + non-switched memory B cells, CD19 +CD27 -lgD - double-negative memory B cells and CD19 +CD27 -lgD + naive B cells. B cells in RA patients with various disease activity score, course of disease and treatment were analyzed. Patients were divided into four groups according to the results of joint ultrasonography, including patients without bone erosion, patients with hand bone erosion, patients with knee bone erosion and patients with hand and knee bone erosion. The relationship between the distribution of B cell subsets, autoantibodies and RA bone erosion were analyzed. Differences between the groups were analyzed by independent-samples t test, Mann-Whitney U test and χ2 test. The analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis analysis were used for multi-group comparison, Spearman correlation analysis was also used for correlation analysis. Results:①RA patients showed significantly decreased non-switched memory B cells [(9.5±6.7)% vs (12.1±4.7)%, t=2.46, P=0.015] and increased double negative memory B cells [(3.8±2.5)% vs(2.7±1.3)%, t=-4.74, P<0.001] in comparison to healthy individuals. The percentage of non-switched memory B cells were decreased in RA patients with moderate disease activity [(8.4±4.7 )% vs (12.4±7.5)%, t=3.13, P=0.001] and high disease activity [(7.8±7.6)% vs (12.4±7.5)%, t=3.00, P=0.003] in comparison to those in RA patients who achieved remission. Meanwhile, the na?ve B cells [(70.3±15.0)% vs (63.9±14.6)%, t=-2.15, P=0.034] were increased in RA patients with moderate disease activity. No difference was found in RA patients with different disease courses. Total B cells [(4.8±2.9)% vs (7.2±4.1)%, t=-3.24, P=0.001], non-switched memory B cells (7.6±4.3)% vs (10.0±7.1)%, t=-2.63, P=0.010) in RA patients who received prednisone treatment were decreased, while double-negative memory B cells (4.9±3.0)% vs (3.6±2.3)%, t=-2.79, P=0.006] were increased compared with those in RA patients without prednisone treatment. Non-switched memory B cells was decreased in RA patients with hand and knee erosion compared with RA patients without erosion [6.8%(2.5%, 9.5%) vs 9.7%(5.5%, 17.5%), Z=-2.12, P=0.034]. Double negative memory B cells in subgroup with keen erosion [3.3%(2.7%, 5.0%) vs 2.6%(1.9%, 3.8%), Z=-2.09, P=0.036]as well as with hand and knee erosion [3.9%(2.3%, 5.6%) vs 2.6%(1.9%, 3.8%), Z=-2.41, P=0.016] were higher than those in patients without erosion. In addition, higher serum RF level was found in subgroup RA patients with hand and knee erosion compared with subgroup of RA patients without erosion [141.0 (38.0, 874.0) U/ml vs 53.5 (10.0, 106.0)U/ml, Z=-2.07, P=0.039]. Meanwhile, the positive rate of ACPA in RA patients with bone erosion of hand was significantly higher than that of RA patients without bone erosion [81%(52/64) vs 64%(38/59), χ2=4.44, P=0.043). Conclusions:The results suggest that the increase of double negative memory B cells, the decrease of non-switched memory B cells and higher level of autoantibodies may closely relate to bone erosion of RA, which may be one of the pathogenesis of disability in RA.

Objective:To investigate the current situation and influencing factors of humanistic care needs of family members of pregnant women in maternal intensive care unit, and to explore the relationship between humanistic care needs of family members of pregnant women in maternal intensive care unit, relocation stress level and perceived social support ability, so as to provide a basis for clinical nursing staff to implement targeted humanistic care for family members of pregnant women in maternal intensive care unit.Methods:From July to December 2022, 267 family members of pregnant women who were observed in the Maternal Intensive Care Unit of Maternity Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University/Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital were selected as the research objects by the convenient sampling method. The general information questionnaire, Humanistic Care Needs Scale for Family Members of Pregnant Women in the Obstetric Intensive Care Unit, Family Relocation Stress Scale for Intensive Care Unit Patients and Perceived Social Support Scale were used to carry out a cross sectional investigation.Results:The scores of humanistic care needs, relocation stress scale and perceived social support scale were (175.32 ± 16.04), (35.12 ± 8.11), (57.30 ± 15.43) points, respectively. The length of maternal intensive care unit stay ( B=1.301, P<0.05), the family′s role changed for the first time ( B=2.328, P<0.05), the delivery mode doesn′t match the family′s expectations ( B=-2.407, P<0.05), maternal admission to maternal intensive care unit due to childbirth complications ( B=3.228, P<0.05), relocation stress level of intensive care unit patients′ family members ( B=0.891, P<0.05), and family members′ perceived social support ability ( B=0.461, P<0.05) were the influencing factors of humanistic care needs of maternal family members in maternal intensive care unit factors, which explained 83.2% of the total variation. Conclusions:The humanistic care needs of family members of pregnant women in maternal intensive care unit are at a high level. Medical staff should pay more attention to the family members of pregnant women who stay in maternal intensive care unit for a long time, undergo role change for the first time, have unexpected delivery mode and stay in maternal intensive care unit due to childbirth complications, so as to provide them with more comprehensive humanistic care and establish multiple support system, in order to improve the level of humanistic care for the family members of maternal intensive care unit.

Objective: To explore the development of the pancreatic surgeon technique in a high-volume center. Methods: A total of 284 cases receiving pancreatic surgery by a single surgeon from June 2015 to December 2020 were retrospectively included in this study. The clinical characteristics and perioperative medical history were extracted from the medical record system of Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University. Among these patients,there were 140 males and 144 females with an age (M (IQR)) of 61.0 (16.8) years(range: 15 to 85 years). The "back-to-back" pancreatic- jejunal anastomosis procedure was used to anastomose the end of the pancreas stump and the jejunal wall. Thirty days after discharge,the patients were followed by outpatient follow-up or telephone interviews. The difference between categorical variables was analyzed by the Chi-square test or the CMH chi-square test. The statistical differences for the quantitative data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis H test and further analyzed using the LSD test or the Nemenyi test,respectively. Results: Intraoperative blood loss in pancreaticoduodenectomy between 2015 and 2020 were 300,100(100),100(100),100(0),100(200) and 150 (200) ml,respectively. Intraoperative blood loss in distal pancreatectomy was 250 (375),100 (50),50 (65), 50 (80),50 (50),and 50 (100) ml,respectively. Intraoperative blood loss did not show statistical differences in the same operative procedure between each year. The operative time for pancreaticoduodenectomy was respectively 4.5,5.0(2.0),5.5(0.8),5.0(1.3),5.0(3.3) and 5.0(1.0) hours in each year from 2015 to 2020,no statistical differences were found between each group. The operating time of the distal pancreatectomy was 3.8 (0.9),3.0 (1.5),3.0 (1.8),2.0 (1.1),2.0 (1.5) and 3.0(2.0) hours in each year,the operating time was obviously shorter in 2018 compared to 2015 (P=0.026) and 2020 (P=0.041). The median hospital stay in 2020 for distal pancreatectomy was 3 days shorter than that in 2019. The overall incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula gradually decreased,with a incident rate of 50.0%,36.8%,31.0%,25.9%,21.1% and 14.8% in each year. During this period,in a total of 3,6,4,2,0 and 20 cases received laparoscopic operations in each year. The incidence of clinically relevant pancreatic fistula (grade B and C) gradually decreased,the incident rates were 0,4.8%,7.1%,3.4%,4.3% and 1.4%,respectively. Two cases had postoperative abdominal bleeding and received unscheduled reoperation. The overall rate of unscheduled reoperation was 0.7%. A patient died within 30 days after the operation and the overall perioperative mortality was 0.4%. Conclusion: The surgical training of a high-volume center can ensure a high starting point in the initial stage and steady progress of pancreatic surgeons,to ensure the safety of pancreatic surgery.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Pancreatic Fistula/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Blood Loss, Surgical ; Pancreatectomy/methods* ; Pancreaticoduodenectomy ; Postoperative Complications ; Surgeons ; Postoperative Hemorrhage ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/surgery*

Objective:To investigate the changes in the morphology, structure and function of the bladders and their effects on the upper urinary tract dilatation(UUTD) after lumbosacral nerve transecting in rats.Methods:A total of 45 female SD rats were included, randomly divided into 3 groups with 15 rats in each group. Two groups were performed bilateral lumbar 6(L6) and cauda equina nerve shearing to establish neurogenic bladder(NB) model, which were nerve transected for 4 weeks(NB-4W) group and nerve transected for 12 weeks(NB-12W) group. Another group was performed bilateral L6 nerves and cauda equine exposing but not transecting, which was sham-operation (Sham) group. Cystometry and renal ultrasound examination were performed and rats in each group were killed to collect the kidney and bladder tissues in NB-4W group at 4 weeks, in Sham group and NB-12W group at 12 weeks after operation. HE, Masson staining, immunohistochemical staining and western blot were used to detect histological changes, expression of transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA).Results:All rats in NB-4W and NB-12W group showed acontractile detrusor. In the NB-4W and NB-12W group, the maximum cystometric capacity [(5.84±0.33) ml and (3.13±0.35) ml], the detrusor leak point pressure [(25.41±0.86) cm H 2O and (27.36±2.04) cm H 2O] (1 cm H 2O = 0.098 kPa), were significantly higher than those in the Sham group [(0.98±0.14) ml, (7.13±0.90) cm H 2O, both P<0.05]. Compliance in NB-4W group [(0.28±0.21) ml/cm H 2O] and NB-12W group [(0.17±0.12) ml/cm H 2O] were significantly lower than that of the Sham group [(0.34±0.26) ml/cm H 2O], and the compliance of NB-12W group was lower than that of NB-4W group significantly (all P<0.05). HE staining of the bladder showed that the inflammatory cell infiltration was obvious in the NB-4W and NB-12W group. Bladder collagen volume fractions in NB-4W group [(30.5±1.5) %] and NB-12W group [(45.2±3.8) %] were both higher than that of Sham group [(20.7±2.2) %, both P<0.05]. The expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in the bladder tissue of NB-4W group were higher than those of sham group, and that of NB-12W group were higher than NB-4W group. In NB-4W group and NB-12W group, 3 (20.0 %) and 7 (46.7 %) rats were found hydronephrosis, respectively. Additionally, HE staining showed that the degree of renal tubule injury and the number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the NB-4W and NB-12W group were higher than those in the Sham group. Masson staining showed that the volume fraction of collagen in kidneys of NB-4W and NB-12W group were (13.1±1.4) % and (21.6±1.9) %, respectively, which were significantly higher than that in sham operation group [(4.6±0.7) %, both P<0.05]. Conclusions:Bilateral L6 + cauda equina nerve transecting can induce NB with hydronephrosis in parts of rats. The degree of bladder fibrosis gradually increased with the time of nerve transection, and the incidence and severity of UUTD also increased with the time of nerve transection.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics, diagnosis, treat-ment and prognosis of gallbladder cancer in China from 2010 to 2017.Methods:The single disease retrospective registration cohort study was conducted. Based on the concept of the real world study, the clinicopathological data, from multicenter retrospective clinical data database of gallbladder cancer of Chinese Research Group of Gallbladder Cancer (CRGGC), of 6 159 patients with gallbladder cancer who were admitted to 42 hospitals from January 2010 to December 2017 were collected. Observation indicators: (1) case resources; (2) age and sex distribution; (3) diagnosis; (4) surgical treatment and prognosis; (5) multimodality therapy and prognosis. The follow-up data of the 42 hospitals were collected and analyzed by the CRGGC. The main outcome indicator was the overall survival time from date of operation for surgical patients or date of diagnosis for non-surgical patients to the end of outcome event or the last follow-up. Measurement data with normal distribu-tion were represented as Mean±SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3) or M(range), and com-parison between groups was conducted using the U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Univariate analysis was performed using the Logistic forced regression model, and variables with P<0.1 in the univariate analysis were included for multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Logistic stepwise regression model. The life table method was used to calculate survival rates and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw survival curves. Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. Results:(1) Case resources: of the 42 hospitals, there were 35 class A of tertiary hospitals and 7 class B of tertiary hospitals, 16 hospitals with high admission of gallbladder cancer and 26 hospitals with low admission of gallbladder cancer, respectively. Geographical distribution of the 42 hospitals: there were 9 hospitals in central China, 5 hospitals in northeast China, 22 hospitals in eastern China and 6 hospitals in western China. Geographical distribution of the 6 159 patients: there were 2 154 cases(34.973%) from central China, 705 cases(11.447%) from northeast China, 1 969 cases(31.969%) from eastern China and 1 331 cases(21.611%) from western China. The total average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of the 6 159 patients was 18.3±4.5 per year, in which the average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of 4 974 patients(80.760%) from hospitals with high admission of gallbladder cancer was 38.8±8.9 per year and the average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of 1 185 patients(19.240%) from hospitals with low admission of gallbladder cancer was 5.7±1.9 per year. (2) Age and sex distribution: the age of 6 159 patients diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 64(56,71) years, in which the age of 2 247 male patients(36.483%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 64(58,71)years and the age of 3 912 female patients(63.517%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 63(55,71)years. The sex ratio of female to male was 1.74:1. Of 6 159 patients, 3 886 cases(63.095%) were diagnosed as gallbladder cancer at 56 to 75 years old. There was a significant difference on age at diagnosis between male and female patients ( Z=-3.99, P<0.001). (3) Diagnosis: of 6 159 patients, 2 503 cases(40.640%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 3 656 cases(59.360%) were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. There were 2 110 patients(34.259%) not undergoing surgical treatment, of which 200 cases(9.479%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 1 910 cases(90.521%) were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. There were 4 049 patients(65.741%) undergoing surgical treatment, of which 2 303 cases(56.878%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 1 746 cases(43.122%) were initial diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. Of the 1 746 patients who were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer, there were 774 cases(19.116%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer during operation and 972 cases(24.006%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer after operation. Of 6 159 patients, there were 2 521 cases(40.932%), 2 335 cases(37.912%) and 1 114 cases(18.087%) undergoing ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination before initial diagnosis, respec-tively, and there were 3 259 cases(52.914%), 3 172 cases(51.502%) and 4 016 cases(65.205%) undergoing serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9 or CA125 examination before initially diagnosis, respectively. One patient may underwent multiple examinations. Results of univariate analysis showed that geographical distribution of hospitals (eastern China or western China), age ≥72 years, gallbladder cancer annual admission of hospitals, whether undergoing ultrasound, CT, MRI, serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9 or CA125 examination before initially diagnosis were related factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients ( odds ratio=1.45, 1.98, 0.69, 0.68, 2.43, 0.41, 1.63, 0.41, 0.39, 0.42, 95% confidence interval as 1.21-1.74, 1.64-2.40, 0.59-0.80, 0.60-0.78, 2.19-2.70, 0.37-0.45, 1.43-1.86, 0.37-0.45, 0.35-0.43, 0.38-0.47, P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that geographical distribution of hospitals (eastern China or western China), sex, age ≥72 years, gallbladder cancer annual admission of hospitals and cases undergoing ultrasound, CT, serum CA19-9 examination before initially diagnosis were indepen-dent influencing factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients ( odds ratio=1.36, 1.42, 0.89, 0.67, 1.85, 1.56, 1.57, 0.39, 95% confidence interval as 1.13-1.64, 1.16-1.73, 0.79-0.99, 0.57-0.78, 1.60-2.14, 1.38-1.77, 1.38-1.79, 0.35-0.43, P<0.05). (4) Surgical treatment and prognosis. Of the 4 049 patients undergoing surgical treatment, there were 2 447 cases(60.435%) with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data. Cases with pathological staging as stage 0, stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲa, stage Ⅲb, stage Ⅳa and stage Ⅳb were 85(3.474%), 201(8.214%), 71(2.902%), 890(36.371%), 382(15.611%), 33(1.348%) and 785(32.080%), respectively. The median follow-up time and median postoperative overall survival time of the 2 447 cases were 55.75 months (95% confidence interval as 52.78-58.35) and 23.46 months (95% confidence interval as 21.23-25.71), respectively. There was a significant difference in the overall survival between cases with pathological staging as stage 0, stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲa, stage Ⅲb, stage Ⅳa and stage Ⅳb ( χ2=512.47, P<0.001). Of the 4 049 patients undergoing surgical treatment, there were 2 988 cases(73.796%) with resectable tumor, 177 cases(4.371%) with unresectable tumor and 884 cases(21.833%) with tumor unassessable for resectabi-lity. Of the 2 988 cases with resectable tumor, there were 2 036 cases(68.139%) undergoing radical resection, 504 cases(16.867%) undergoing non-radical resection and 448 cases(14.994%) with operation unassessable for curative effect. Of the 2 447 cases with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data who underwent surgical treatment, there were 53 cases(2.166%) with unresectable tumor, 300 cases(12.260%) with resectable tumor and receiving non-radical resection, 1 441 cases(58.888%) with resectable tumor and receiving radical resection, 653 cases(26.686%) with resectable tumor and receiving operation unassessable for curative effect. There were 733 cases not undergoing surgical treatment with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data. There was a significant difference in the overall survival between cases not undergoing surgical treatment, cases undergoing surgical treatment for unresectable tumor, cases undergoing non-radical resection for resectable tumor and cases undergoing radical resection for resectable tumor ( χ2=121.04, P<0.001). (5) Multimodality therapy and prognosis: of 6 159 patients, there were 541 cases(8.784%) under-going postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and advanced chemotherapy, 76 cases(1.234%) under-going radiotherapy. There were 1 170 advanced gallbladder cancer (pathological staging ≥stage Ⅲa) patients undergoing radical resection, including 126 cases(10.769%) with post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy and 1 044 cases(89.231%) without postoperative adjuvant chemo-therapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy and cases without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy ( χ2=0.23, P=0.629). There were 658 patients with pathological staging as stage Ⅲa who underwent radical resection, including 66 cases(10.030%) with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and 592 cases(89.970%) without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and cases without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy ( χ2=0.05, P=0.817). There were 512 patients with pathological staging ≥stage Ⅲb who underwent radical resection, including 60 cases(11.719%) with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and 452 cases(88.281%) without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with postoperative adjuvant chemo-therapy and cases without post-operative adjuvant chemo-therapy ( χ2=1.50, P=0.220). Conclusions:There are more women than men with gallbladder cancer in China and more than half of patients are diagnosed at the age of 56 to 75 years. Cases undergoing ultrasound, CT, serum CA19-9 examination before initial diagnosis are independent influencing factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients. Preoperative resectability evaluation can improve the therapy strategy and patient prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer is not standardized and in low proportion in China.