PURPOSE: Various methods of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in thyroid cancer have been introduced. Tc-99m phytate as a radiotracer has been successfully utilized for SLN biopsy in breast, cervix, and endometrial cancer. We assessed the feasibility of SLN dissection using Tc-99m phytate in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). METHODS: Seventeen patients with PTC were prospectively enrolled. Ultrasound-guided peritumoral injection of 55.5 MBq Tc-99m phytate in 0.25-mL normal saline was performed. Preoperative single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) and intraoperative gamma-probe were used for SLN detection during operation. RESULTS: Identification rate of SLNs was 70.6% (12 of 17) with SPECT, and 88.2% (15 of 17) with gamma-probe. Combined SPECT and gamma-probe had identification rates of 88.2% (15 of 17). Identification rates of SLNs in central LN compartments were 82.4% (14 of 17) and 41.2% (7 of 17) in lateral LN compartments. Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the results of SLN biopsy were 91.6%, 100%, 88.4%, and 100%, respectively. Eight patients (47.1%) had metastasis in SLNs; all patients had SLN metastasis in the central compartment and 2 patients had SLN metastasis in both the central and lateral compartments. CONCLUSION: Combined SPECT and gamma-probe could detect SLNs with an 88.2% identification rate in PTC. SLN biopsy using Tc-99m phytate is technically feasible. Further investigation is warranted for clinical application of Tc-99m phytate in PTC.
Biopsy ; Breast ; Cervix Uteri ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision* ; Lymph Nodes* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Phytic Acid* ; Prospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

BACKGROUND: Rice bran is the outer layer of the rice grain, and contains high amounts of bioactive phytochemicals. Here, we investigated and compared chemopreventive properties of purple and white rice bran extracts. METHODS: Rice bran was extracted with dichloromethane and methanol. Chemical constituents in the extracts were analyzed by colorimetric assay and high performance liquid chromatography. The mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of the extracts were determined via the Salmonella mutation assay. The anticarcinogenic enzyme induction and antioxidant activities of the extracts were examined using Hepa1c1c7 cells and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, respectively. RESULTS: The methanol extracts of rice bran contained high amounts of phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phytic acid, whereas large amounts of γ-oryzanol and vitamin E were presented in the dichloromethane extract. None of the extracts were mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium. All rice bran extracts had strong antimutagenic effects against aflatoxin B1- and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoline-induced mutagenesis. The inhibitory effect against 2-aminofluorene-induced mutagenesis was found in the dichloromethane extract, while only the methanol extract of purple rice bran exhibited antimutagenic effects against benzo(a)pyrene. None of the extracts induced quinone reductase activity in Hepa1c1c7 cells. Additionally, the greatest antioxidant capacity was found in the methanol extract of purple rice bran. CONCLUSIONS: The methanol extract of purple rice bran containing high amount of phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phytic acid showed the most effective antioxidant and antimutagenic activities by inhibiting mutagenic metabolizing enzymes and/or scavenging free radicals. These results demonstrate the nutritional and medical value of Thai rice for cancer prevention.
Aflatoxins ; Anthocyanins ; Antimutagenic Agents ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Benzo(a)pyrene ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Enzyme Induction ; Flavonoids ; Free Radicals ; Humans ; Methanol ; Methylene Chloride ; Mutagenesis ; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone) ; Phenol ; Phytic Acid ; Phytochemicals ; Salmonella ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) on proliferation of human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells and its relation to insulin-like growth factors binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) expression.

METHODSThe siRNA technology was used to silence the IGFBP-3 gene in LNCaP cells. LNCaP cells and IGFBP-3 gene silenced LNCaP cells were exposed to IP6 for 24 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay; cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. The expression levels of IGFBP-3 and Bcl-2 mRNA and protein were analyzed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively.

RESULTSThe proliferation of LNCaP cells was be inhibited by IP6 in a dose dependent manner. After exposure to IP6 for 24 h, the cell viability in LNCaP cells and siRNA-treated LNCaP cells was 53.2%±11.6% and 82.3%±10.9%, respectively (P<0.05). After treatment of 1.5 mmol IP6，the apoptosis rate of LNCAP cells and siRNA-treated LNCAP cells was 40.48%±13.21% and 30.43%±10.65%, respectively (P<0.05). The proportion of G1 and G2 phase in LNCAP cells was 70.58%±8.25% and 5.64%±1.23%，after IP6 treatment the percentage of G1 phase cells decreased to 48.66%±11.23% and G2 phase cells increased to 31.11%±9.68%. However, for siRNA treated LNCAP cells, the proportion of G1 phase cells was 58.25%±12.36% and G2 phase cells was 23.85%±12.45%. Higher expression of IGFBP-3 and lower expression of Bcl-2 in LNCaP cells treated with IP6 were found at both mRNA and protein levels. IP6 treatment enhanced IGFBP-3 mRNA expression by 2.21±0.15 folds. In the contrast, expression of Bcl-2 mRNA decreased by 0.69±0.03 folds. Meanwhile, after IGFBP- gene silence Bcl-2 expression was not decreased.

CONCLUSIONIP6 can inhibit the proliferation of LNCaP cells, which may be associated with the changes of IGFBP-3 level through Bcl-2 expression.

Apoptosis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Gene Silencing ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 ; metabolism ; Male ; Phytic Acid ; pharmacology ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering

PURPOSE: Regional lymph node (LN) metastases are detected in 57-85% of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and are associated with increased tumor recurrence. However, the management of lymphatic disease in patients with PTC has been ongoing source of debate. We have prospectively assessed the usefulness and accuracy of sentinel LN (SLN) biopsy for the detection of LN metastases in patients with PTC on preoperative imaging using single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) and 99mTc phytate. METHODS: We prospectively assessed 39 patients with PTC who had risk factors for recurrence or with the necessity of intraoperative LN sampling for suspicious LN metastases on preoperative imaging from August 2010 to March 2011. The patients underwent preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and SPETC/CT and intraoperative SLN biopsy (SLNB). RESULTS: 99mTc lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT/CT localized SLN in 38 patients (97.4%), with the gamma probe identifying 2.15 mean SLNs in the lateral neck of the 39 patients. Skip metastasis was found in one patient, and lateral compartment LN metastasis in 17 (43.5%). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of SLNB for lateral compartment LN metastasis were 88.2%, 100%, and 94.8%, respectively. SLNB was more accurate and useful for lateral than for central compartment LN metastasis. CONCLUSION: SPECT/CT improved SLN detection and anatomical localization compared with lymphoscintigraphy. SLNB in patients with risk factors for recurrence or the necessity of intraoperative LN sampling for suspected LN metastases on preoperative imaging was accurate in detecting LN metastases and may help in deciding whether to perform lateral compartment dissection in patients with PTC.
Biopsy ; Carcinoma ; Factor IX ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Lymphoscintigraphy ; Neck ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nitriles ; Phytic Acid ; Prospective Studies ; Pyrethrins ; Recurrence ; Risk Factors ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo compare iron bioavailability (Fe BV) from ten selected kinds of Chinese wheat flours in order to provide scientific basis for further human trials and enable plant breeding programs to screen biofortified wheat cultivars.

METHODSAn in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model was used to assess Fe BV of ten flour samples from six leading Chinese wheat cultivars and the stability of Fe BV in one cultivar was studied across three growing environments.

RESULTSSignificant differences were observed in both Fe BV and Fe bioavailability per gram of food (Fe BVPG) among cultivars (P<0.01) grown at the same location with the same flour extraction rate. Zhongyou 9507 and Jingdong 8 had Fe BV 37%-54% and Fe BVPG 103%-154% higher than the reference control. In the Anyang environment, Zhongyou 9507 had a higher wheat flour-Fe level and Fe BVPG. Differences in Fe BV were detected in cultivars with different flour extraction rates.

CONCLUSIONZhongyou 9507 and Jingdong 8 were identified as the most promising cultivars for further evaluation of efficacy by using human subjects. The growing environments had no effect on Fe BV, but did have a significant effect on Fe BVPG. Fe bioavailabilities in low-extraction (40%) flours were higher than those in high-extraction (78%) flours.

Biological Availability ; Caco-2 Cells ; China ; Ferritins ; chemistry ; Flour ; analysis ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Iron ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Phosphorus ; chemistry ; Phytic Acid ; chemistry ; Triticum ; chemistry ; genetics

PURPOSE: Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that has been shown to suppress the growth of epithelial cancer. Because IP6 is a dietary phytochemical present in cereals, soy, legumens, and fiber-rich foods, we evaluated the efficacy of IP6 against colon cancer formation. METHODS: HT-29 cells were injected into nude mice. The animals were fed a normal diet (group 1), a low IP6 diet (group 2), and a high IP6 diet (group 3) for 4 wk. Body weight, tumor volume, tumor growth rate, growth inhibition rate, and therapeutic ratio were monitored after injection of HT-29 cells. RESULTS: HT-29-cell human-colon-carcinoma xenograft mice treated with IP6 showed a significant reduction in tumor growth rate, irrespective of the IP6 dose compared to normal diet group. Compared with the control group, group 3 showed a significant reduction (45%) in tumor volume. In the therapeutic ratio gain profiles, IP6 diet groups showed a significant alteration of therapeutic ratio when compared with the normal diet group (0% vs. 11%, P=0.014). In the body weight gain profiles, group 3 showed a significant reduction of body weight compared with the other two groups (20.25 g vs. 21.6 g, 21.7 g, P=0.009). Groups 1 and 2 showed similar changes in body weight. Tumor xenografts from IP6-fed mice showed significantly decreased cancer formation and growth, but increased toxicity was noted for high doses of IP6. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that in the future, IP6 could be an effective chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent for use in the treatment of colon cancer.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Cell Line ; Edible Grain ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Diet ; HT29 Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Phytic Acid ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Tumor Burden

Zinc (Zn) deficiency in animals became of interest until the 1950s. In this paper, progresses in researches on physiology of Zn deficiency in animals, phytate effect on bioavailability of Zn, and role of phytase in healing Zn deficiency of animals were reviewed. Several studies demonstrated that Zn is recycled via the pancreas; the problem of Zn deficiency was controlled by Zn homeostasis. The endogenous secretion of Zn is considered as an important factor influencing Zn deficiency, and the critical molar ratio is 10. Phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) constituted up to 90% of the organically bound phosphorus in seeds. Great improvement has been made in recent years on isolating and measuring phytate, and its structure is clear. Phytate is considered to reduce Zn bioavailability in animal. Phytase is the enzyme that hydrolyzes phytate and is present in yeast, rye bran, wheat bran, barley, triticale, and many bacteria and fungi. Zinc nutrition and bioavailability can be enhanced by addition of phytase to animal feeds. Therefore, using phytase as supplements, the most prevalent Zn deficiency in animals may be effectively corrected without the mining and smelting of several tons of zinc daily needed to correct this deficiency by fortification worldwide.
6-Phytase ; metabolism ; Animals ; Phytic Acid ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Skin Diseases ; metabolism ; pathology ; Zinc ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; deficiency ; pharmacology

Phytic acid (PA) is the primary storage compound of phosphorus in seeds accounting for up to 80% of the total seed phosphorus and contributing as much as 1.5% to the seed dry weight. The negatively charged phosphate in PA strongly binds to metallic cations of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn making them insoluble and thus unavailable as nutritional factors. Phytate mainly accumulates in protein storage vacuoles as globoids, predominantly located in the aleurone layer (wheat, barley and rice) or in the embryo (maize). During germination, phytate is hydrolysed by endogenous phytase(s) and other phosphatases to release phosphate, inositol and micronutrients to support the emerging seedling. PA and its derivatives are also implicated in RNA export, DNA repair, signalling, endocytosis and cell vesicular trafficking. Our recent studies on purification of phytate globoids, their mineral composition and dephytinization by wheat phytase will be discussed. Biochemical data for purified and characterized phytases isolated from more than 23 plant species are presented, the dephosphorylation pathways of phytic acid by different classes of phytases are compared, and the application of phytase in food and feed is discussed.
6-Phytase ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Animals ; Diet ; Environment ; Humans ; Iron ; metabolism ; Neoplasms ; prevention & control ; Phytic Acid ; chemistry ; metabolism ; pharmacology

PURPOSE: Lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy has become a standard method for detection of axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients, but the standard radiopharmaceutical was not prepared. About detection of axillary lymph node metastasis by lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patient, we compared the results of Tc-99m Tin-colloid and Tc-99m Phytate by subareolar injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 382 breast cancer patients who were performed operation during 2001-2008. Three hundred forty nine patients was injected 0.8 ml of Tc-99m Tin-colloid (37-185 MBq) by subareolar injection. Thirty three patients was injected 0.8 ml of Tc-99m Phytate (37-185 MBq). Lymphoscintigraphy was performed in supine position and sentinel node localization was performed by hand-held gamma probe in operation. RESULT: Among 349 patients by Tc-99m Tin-colloid, 312 cases (89.4%) localized the sentinel node by lymphoscintigraphy, 304 cases (87.1%) localized by gamma probe. Among 33 patients by Tc-99m Phytate, 32 cases (97.0%) localized by lymphoscintigraphy, 33 cases (100%) localized by gamma probe. Detection rate by lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe was superior for Tc-99m Phytate compared to that with Tc-99m Tin-colloid, with a statistically significant difference. (p<0.05, p<0.05) CONCLUSION: Tc-99m Phytate is a better choice for localization of sentinel node than Tc-99m Tin-colloid in breast cancer patients.
Biopsy ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphoscintigraphy ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nitriles ; Phytic Acid ; Pyrethrins ; Supine Position

Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a major constituent of most cereals, legumes, nuts, oil seeds and soybean. Previous studies reported the anticancer effect of IP6 and suggested that co-treatment of IP6 with inositol may enhance anticancer effect of IP6. Although the anticancer effect of IP6 has been intensively studied, the combinational effect of IP6 and inositol and involved mechanisms are not well understood so far. In the present study, we investigated the effect of IP6 and myo-inositol (MI) on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis using PC3 prostate cancer cell lines. When cells were co-treated with IP6 and MI, the extent of cell growth inhibition was significantly increased than that by IP6 alone. To identify the effect of IP6 and MI on apoptosis, the activity of caspase-3 was measured. The caspase-3 activity was significantly increased when cells were treated with either IP6 alone or both IP6 and MI, with no significant enhancement by co-treatment. To investigate the effect of IP6 and MI of cell cycle arrest, we measured p21 mRNA expression in PC3 cells and observed significant increase in p21 mRNA by IP6. But synergistic regulation by co-treatment with IP6 and MI was not observed. In addition, there was no significant effect by co-treatment compared to IP6 treatment on the regulation of cell cycle progression although IP6 significantly changed cell cycle distribution in the presence of MI or not. Therefore, these findings support that IP6 has anticancer function by induction of apoptosis and regulation of cell cycle. However, synergistic effect by MI on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis was not observed in PC3 prostate cancer cells.
Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Cell Line ; Edible Grain ; Fabaceae ; Inositol ; Nuts ; Phytic Acid ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; RNA, Messenger ; Soybeans