In the search for novel potent fungi-derived bioactive compounds for bioinsecticide applications, crude ethyl acetate culture filtrate extracts from 110 mangrove fungal endophytes were screened for their toxicity. Toxicity tests of all extracts against brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae were performed. The extracts with the highest toxicity were further examined for insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura larvae and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity. The results showed that the extracts of five isolates exhibited the highest toxicity to brine shrimp at 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values of 7.45 to 10.24 ppm. These five fungal isolates that obtained from Rhizophora mucronata were identified based on sequence data analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA as Aspergillus oryzae (strain BPPTCC 6036), Emericella nidulans (strains BPPTCC 6035 and BPPTCC 6038), A. tamarii (strain BPPTCC 6037), and A. versicolor (strain BPPTCC 6039). The mean percentage of S. litura larval mortality following topical application of the five extracts ranged from 16.7% to 43.3%. In the AChE inhibition assay, the inhibition rates of the five extracts ranged from 40.7% to 48.9%, while eserine (positive control) had an inhibition rate of 96.8%, at a concentration of 100 ppm. The extracts used were crude extracts, so their potential as sources of AChE inhibition compounds makes them likely candidates as neurotoxins. The high-performance liquid chromatography profiles of the five extracts differed, indicating variations in their chemical constituents. This study highlights the potential of culture filtrate ethyl acetate extracts of mangrove fungal endophytes as a source of new potential bioactive compounds for bioinsecticide applications.
Acetylcholinesterase ; Artemia ; Aspergillus oryzae ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Complex Mixtures ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Emericella ; Endophytes* ; Larva ; Mortality ; Neurotoxins ; Physostigmine ; Rhizophoraceae ; Spodoptera ; Statistics as Topic ; Toxicity Tests

Alzheimer's disease is increasingly common in elderly population with a large socioeconomic burden. Current available drugs for Alzheimer's disease are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Much effort is directed towards not just symptomatic treatments but disease-modifying treatments. Several drugs with differing targets and mechanisms of action are under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Phase III trials of dimebon, Ginkgo biloba, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenserine, statins, semagacestat, tarenflurbil, tramiprosate, valproate, xaliproden have been completed without demonstrating adequate efficacy. Encouraging results would be expected from ongoing phase III trials of bapineuzumab and solanezumab. The clinical trials for the disease-modifying treatment of Alzheimer's disease have resulted in both promise and disappointment.
Aged ; Alanine ; Alzheimer Disease ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Azepines ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Flurbiprofen ; Ginkgo biloba ; Humans ; Indoles ; N-Methylaspartate ; Naphthalenes ; Physostigmine ; Pyridines ; Taurine ; Valproic Acid

Although quantitative EEG parameters, such as spectral band powers, are sensitive to centrally acting drugs in dose- and time-related manners, changes of the EEG parameters are redundant. It is desirable to reduce multiple EEG parameters to a few components that can be manageable in a real space as well as be considered as parameters representing drug effects. We calculated factor loadings from normalized values of eight relative band powers (powers of 0.5, 1.0~2.0, 2.5~4.0, 4.5~5.5, 6.0~8.0, 8.5~12.0, 12.5~24.5, and 25~49.5 Hz bands expressed as ratios of the power of 0.5-49.5 Hz band) of EEG during pre-drug periods (11:00~12:00) by factor analysis and constructed a two-dimensional canonical space (reference canonical space) by canonical correlation analysis. Eight relative band powers of EEG produced by either physostigmine or yohimbine were reduced to two canonical scores in the reference canonical space. While changes of the band powers produced by physostigmine and yohimbine were too redundant to describe the difference between two drugs, locations of two drugs in the reference canonical space represented the difference between two drug's effects on EEG. Because the distance between two locations in the canonical space (Mahalanobis distance) indicates the magnitude of difference between two different sets of EEG parameters statistically, the canonical scores and the distance may be used to quantitatively and qualitatively describe the dose-dependent and time-dependent effects and also tell similarity and dissimilarity among effects. Then, the combination of power spectral analysis and statistical analysis may help to classify actions of centrally acting drugs.
Animals ; Electroencephalography ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Physostigmine ; Rats ; Yohimbine

Since Willis described 'fatigable weakness' in 1672, most physicians consider it as a kind of hysteria due to the inconsistent fluctuation of symptoms. Erb presented three cases of 'bulbal palsy' in the 1870s, and Oppenheim and Hopper considered myasthenia gravis as a disease similar to curare poisoning and as a disease induced by attack of the motor centers by intrinsic toxins, respectively. In 1903, Elliot suggested that a 'chemical substance' mediates the nerve impulses at synapse. However, it was not until 1921 that this was demonstrated by Loewi, who provided evidence from the famous two-frog-hearts experiment. Dale later revealed the substance to be acetylcholine, and he also suggested that myasthenia gravis is due to a problem with the motor end plate. In 1934, Walker was prompted by the resemblance between myasthenia gravis and curare poisoning to apply physostigmine, a curare-poisoning antidote, to a patient, which produced a dramatic result. Since then the use of anticholinesterase inhibitors has been adopted for standard therapeutic modality. Some prominent surgeons have also applied thymectomy as a surgical modality. The most recent focus of myasthenia gravis has been immunological. In 1960, Simpson proposed the autoimmune hypothesis, and Chang et al. showed that snake venom contained a selective antagonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, alpha-bungarotoxin. The immunization of rabbits with acetylcholine receptor purified from the electrical organs of electric eels by Patrick et al. induced myasthenic symptoms and signs, and these were reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The role of the autoimmune system has led to the introduction of an immunosuppressive modality and plasma exchange to the field of clinical neurology.
Acetylcholine ; Action Potentials ; Bungarotoxins ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Curare ; Electrophorus ; History of Medicine ; Humans ; Hysteria ; Immunization ; Motor Endplate ; Myasthenia Gravis ; Physostigmine ; Plasma Exchange ; Rabbits ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; Snake Venoms ; Synapses ; Thymectomy

A 21-year-old woman ingested 1,250 mg of diphenhydramine in a single overdose. Diphenhydramine, a rare ingredient in over-the-counter medication, is used to treat insomnia in Korea. Toxicity is usually limited to anticholinergic symptoms. The standard approach to therapy for the treatment of diphenhydramine overdose is supportive care, including physostigmines and sodium bicarbonates. Here, we review the literature and for the first time report a case of acute diphenhydramine overdosage in Korea, complicated with seizures.
Bicarbonates ; Diphenhydramine ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Physostigmine ; Seizures ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Sodium ; Young Adult

We found that the expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is increased in the hippocampus during exercise (Moon et al., 2006). However, the upstream regulatory factor on the eNOS expression in the hippocampus during exercise has not been clear. In this study, we investigate the role of acetylcholine (ACh) as a regulatory factor for the eNOS expression and activity in the hippocampus during exercise. The results of the present study demonstrate that voluntary wheel running exercise for two weeks increases the expression and activity eNOS. In addition, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immnunoreacitvity within the hippocampus was increased after 2 weeks exercise. We further found that the upregulation of ACh with treatment of physostigmine, a booster of ACh releasing, increase the expression and activity of eNOS in the hippocampus. This present study provides the evidence that the upregulation of eNOS during exercise may be mediated by ACh in the hippocampus.
Acetylcholine ; Choline ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase ; Hippocampus ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; Physostigmine ; Running ; Up-Regulation

The present study was designed to clarify whether tacrine affects the release of catecholamines (CA) from the isolated perfused model of rat adrenal gland or not and to elucidate the mechanism of its action. Tacrine (3 X 10(-5)~3 X 10(-4) M) perfused into an adrenal vein for 60 min inhibited CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 X 10(-3) M), DMPP (a selective neuronal nicotinic agonist, 10(-4) M for 2 min) and McN-A-343 (a selective muscarinic M1-agonist, 10(-4) M for 2 min) in relatively dose- and time- dependent manners. However, tacrine failed to affect CA secretion by high K+ (5.6 X 10(-2) M). Tacrine itself at concentrations used in the present experiments did not also affect spontaneous CA output. Furthermore, in the presence of tacrine (10(-4) M), CA secretory responses evoked by Bay-K-8644 (an activator of L-type Ca2+ channels, 10(-4) M), but not by cyclopiazonic acid (an inhibitor of cytoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase, 10(-4) M), was relatively time-dependently attenuated. Also, physostigmine (10(-4) M), given into the adrenal gland for 60 min, depressed CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, McN-A-343 and DMPP while did not affect that evoked by high K+. Collectively, these results obtained from the present study demonstrate that tacrine greatly inhibits CA secretion from the perfused rat adrenal gland evoked by stimulation of cholinergic (both nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors, but does fail to affect that by direct membrane-depolarization. It is suggested that this inhibitory effect of tacrine may be exerted by blocking both the calcium influx into the rat adrenal medullary chromaffin cells without Ca2+ release from the cytoplasmic calcium store, that is relevant to the cholinergic blockade. Also, the mode of action between tacrine and physostigmine in rat adrenomedullary CA secretion seems to be similar.
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride ; 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester ; Adrenal Glands* ; Animals ; Calcium ; Catecholamines ; Chromaffin Cells ; Cytoplasm ; Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide ; Neurons ; Nicotinic Agonists ; Physostigmine ; Rats* ; Tacrine* ; Veins

Central anticholinergic syndrome (CAS) can be caused by many anesthetic drugs. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important because untreated CAS may result in a life-threatening condition. Physostigmine, though not available in Korea, is the only drug which can confirm and treat CAS. A forty five year old patient underwent open heart surgery due to patent foramen ovale. Anesthetic agents which were used for anesthetic induction and maintenance were midazolam, fentanyl and isoflurane. Following anesthesia, he showed irritated and excited behavior and delayed recovery from anesthesia more than 3 h after operation in the ICU, even though flumazenil and naloxone were given to rule out the residual anesthetic effect. After physostigmine 4 mg was administered intravenously, he calmed down and became more coherent. There was no evidence of neurologic deficit in the following brain MRI and neurologic examination. We report the first case of CAS confirmed with physostigmine in Korea.
Anesthesia ; Anesthetics ; Anticholinergic Syndrome* ; Brain ; Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia ; Early Diagnosis ; Fentanyl ; Flumazenil ; Foramen Ovale, Patent ; Heart* ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Korea ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Midazolam ; Naloxone ; Neurologic Examination ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Physostigmine* ; Thoracic Surgery*

Central anticholinergic syndrome is defined as an absolute or relative reduction in cholinergic activity in the central nervous system and has a wide variety of manifestations. It is associated with almost any drug given during anesthesia, except neuromuscular relaxants, and treated with the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine. The diagnosis of central anticholinergic syndrome is often made when symptoms resolve promptly after the administration of physostigmine. We present a case of a central anticholinergic syndrome diagnosed by treatment with physostigmine, in a patient who received closure of patent foramen ovale associated with stroke.
Anesthesia ; Anticholinergic Syndrome* ; Central Nervous System ; Cholinesterases ; Diagnosis ; Foramen Ovale, Patent ; Humans ; Physostigmine ; Stroke

BACKGROUND: Spinal anticholinesterase has been shown to have an antinociceptive action to acute noxious stimuli. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intrathecal anticholinesterase on the facilitated state developed after tissue injury evoked by formalin injection. METHODS: Rats were implanted with lumbar intrathecal catheters. For nociceptive test, 50 microliter of 5% formalin solution was injected into the hindpaw. The effect of pretreatment with intrathecal neostigmine, physostigmine and edrophonium, administered 10 min before formalin injection, was observed for 60 min. For the evaluation of the effect of posttreatment with intrathecal anticholinesterase, administered 9 min after formalin injection, the response was observed for 50 min. RESULTS: Formalin injection into the paw resulted in a biphasic incidence of flinching of the injected paw. Intrathecal pretreatment with neostigmine, physostigmine and edrophonium produced a dose- dependent suppression of the flinching during phase 1 and phase 2 on the formalin test. Posttreatment with three intrathecal anticholinesterases reduced the phase 2 flinching response. CONCLUSIONS: Both pretreatment and posttreatment with intrathecal anticholinesterase produced an antinociception on the formalin test. These results point out the usefulness of anticholinesterase to acute nociception and facilitated state.
Animals ; Catheters ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Edrophonium ; Formaldehyde* ; Incidence ; Neostigmine ; Nociception ; Pain Measurement* ; Physostigmine ; Rats*