Serum metabonomic profiles of the model of focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion is established with the suture-occluded method by Longa to study the effect of ginsenosides. In this study, 48 rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham-operated group, pathological model group, positive drug group(6 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)) and high, medium, low-dose ginsenosides groups(200, 100, 50 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)). They are given intragastric administration respectively with same amount of 0.5% CMC-Na,nimodipine and ginsenoside for 5 days. At 2 h after the final administration, the model was established with the suture-occluded method, and free radical-scavenging activity changes of ginsenoside were observed by maillard reaction, and Longa was possible used as a renoprotective agent-occluded method. At the end of 24 h after the reperfusion, the hemolymph of rats in each group was collected, and the ~1H-NMR spectrum was collected after being treated by certain methods, and analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA). Compared with sham-operated group, pathological model group showed significant increases in the levels of lactate, glutamate, taurine, choline, glucose and methionine, but decreases in the levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate and phosphocreatine/creatine in serum. After treatment with ginsenosides, lipid, 3-hydroxybutyrate and phosphocreatine/creatine were increased in the serum of ginsenosides group rats, but with decreases in lactate and glutamate. The results showed that ginsenosides could regulate metabolic disorders in rats with focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion, and promote a recovery in the process of metabolism. It's helpful to promote the metabolic changes in rats with focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion via ~1H-NMR, and lay a foundation to develop ginsenosides as a new drug to treat ischemic cerebral paralysis.
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid ; Animals ; Brain Ischemia/metabolism* ; Creatine ; Ginsenosides/pharmacology* ; Hemolymph ; Metabolome ; Phosphocreatine ; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Reperfusion Injury/metabolism*

Endurance exercise training such as marathon can increase the ability of exercise performance. Muscle glycogen is associated with an exercise performance, because glycogen depletion is primary causes of muscle fatigue. This review summarizes the glycogen saving effect according to duration of endurance exercise training. Long-term endurance exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to glycogen saving effect that is reduced glycogen breakdown and lactate accumulation. Glycogen sparing is due to a smaller decrease in adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine and a smaller increase in inorganic phosphate in the working muscles. It takes required endurance exercise training for about 4 weeks or more. Single bout or short-term endurance exercise is not sufficient to bring an increase in functional mitochondria. But peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) increases rapidly after single bout of endurance exercise. PGC-1α downregulates glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes to reduce muscle glycogen breakdown and lactic acid accumulation after short-term endurance exercise.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Glycogen* ; Glycogenolysis ; Lactic Acid ; Mitochondria ; Muscle Fatigue ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Muscles ; Organelle Biogenesis ; Peroxisomes ; Phosphocreatine

BACKGROUNDPhosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) has been successfully applied to study intracellular membrane compounds and high-energy phosphate metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the capability of dynamic (31)P-MRS for assessing energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetic patients.

METHODSDynamic (31)P-MRS was performed on 22 patients with type 2 diabetes and 26 healthy volunteers. Spectra were acquired from quadriceps muscle while subjects were in a state of rest, at exercise and during recovery. The peak areas of inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphocreatine (PCr), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were measured. The concentration of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and the intracellular pH value were calculated from the biochemistry reaction equilibrium. The time constant and recovery rates of Pi, PCr, and ADP were analyzed using exponential curve fitting.

RESULTSAs compared to healthy controls, type 2 diabetes patients had significantly lower skeletal muscle concentrations of Pi, PCr and β-ATP, and higher levels of ADP and Pi/PCr. During exercise, diabetics experienced a significant Pi peak increase and PCr peak decrease, and once the exercise was completed both Pi and PCr peaks returned to resting levels. Quantitatively, the mean recovery rates of Pi and PCr in diabetes patients were (10.74 ± 1.26) mmol/s and (4.74 ± 2.36) mmol/s, respectively, which was significantly higher than in controls.

CONCLUSIONSNon-invasive quantitative (31)P-MRS is able to detect energy metabolism inefficiency and mitochondrial function impairment in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetics.

Adenosine Diphosphate ; analysis ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; analysis ; Adult ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mitochondria, Muscle ; metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal ; metabolism ; Phosphates ; analysis ; Phosphocreatine ; analysis ; Phosphorus ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of creatine phosphate (CP) in the treatment of myocardial damage following neonatal asphyxia.

METHODSMedical databases were searched for a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized and quasi-randomized trials on the treatment of myocardial damage with CP following neonatal asphyxia. The data was analyzed using Review Manager 5.1.

RESULTSSix trials involving 400 patients (CP treatment/control: 202/198) were included in the survey. The meta-analysis indicated that CP treatment for 7 days decreased serum myocardial enzyme levels (CK, CK-MB, LDH, HBDH and cTnI levels). Both the total effective rate (RR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.48) and the significantly effective rate (RR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.32, 2.41) in the CP treatment group were significantly higher than in the control group. CP treatment reduced the hospitalization period by 4.07 days compared with the control group (95% CI: -5.25, -2.89).

CONCLUSIONSCP treatment appears to be more effective than routine treatment alone for myocardial damage following neonatal asphyxia. It appears to be safe and it can both decrease serum myocardial enzyme levels and shorten the period of hospitalization. However, as the evidence obtained in this study is not robust due to the poor quality of current studies, further studies of high-quality, large-scale trails are needed.

Asphyxia Neonatorum ; complications ; Cardiomyopathies ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Cardiotonic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Length of Stay ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; pathology ; Phosphocreatine ; therapeutic use ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

This article is report the study of the pharmacokinetics and metabolic disposition of exogenous phosphocreatine (PCr) in rats by means of an ion-pair HPLC-UV assay. PCr and its metabolite creatine (Cr) and related-ATP in rat plasma and red blood cell (RBC) were simultaneously determined. A blank plasma and RBC were initially run for baseline subtraction. Plasma and RBC samples were deproteinized with 6% PCA prior to HPLC. Following i.v. administration of PCr 500 mg x kg(-1) and 1 000 mg x kg(-1) the C-T curve could be described by the two-compartment model with t1/2beta 22.5-23.3 min, V(d) 0.956 4-0.978 6 L x kg(-1), CL 0.029 L. kg(-1) x min(-1). The Cr as PCr degraded product appeared as early as 2 min post i.v. dosing with t(max) 20 min, t1/2kappa (m) 40.6-42.7 min and f(m) 60%-76%. After po administration of PCr, the parent drug in plasma was undetectable, but the metabolite Cr was detected with t(max) 65-95 min, t1/2kappa (m) 56.0-57.7 min, metabolite-based bioavailability F(m) 55.02%-62.31%. PCr i.v. administration resulted in significant elevation of ATP level in RBC but not in plasma, the related-ATP in RBC was characterized by t(max) 68-83 min, t1/2kappa 49-52 min. In RBC no exogenous PCr was found but Cr was detected following i.v. administration of PCr, with the t(max) 120 min and t1/2k (m) 70 min for Cr. The above results indicate that PCr eliminates and bio-transforms in body very rapidly; K > K(m) confers ERL, instead of FRL, type upon the metabolic disposition of Cr. Following po administration of PCr, the degraded product Cr is absorbed but not the parent drug PCr. The formed Cr can be accounted for by most of i.v. and po PCr. Intravenous dosing leads apparently increased and sustained Cr and related-ATP concentration in RBC.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Biological Availability ; Biotransformation ; Cardiotonic Agents ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Creatine ; administration & dosage ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; Erythrocytes ; metabolism ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Phosphocreatine ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVEThis study examined the biochemical metabolism by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ('H-MRS) in order to explore the value of 'H-MRS in idiopathic epilepsy in children.

METHODSThirty-three children with idiopathic epilepsy (14 cases with history of febrile seizures and 19 cases without) and six normal controls experienced MRI of the skull and brain and single-voxel 'H-MRS examinations of the hippocampi-temporal lobe. The signal intensities of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), eatine+phosphocreatine (Cr), choline-containing compounds (Cho) and lactate (Lac) and the ratios of NAA/ (Cho+Cr) and Lac/Cr were compared between the patients and normal controls.

RESULTSMRI examination showed that only one child with epilepsy had myelin dysplasia. 'H-MRS examination showed that the ratio of NAA/ (Cho+Cr) in the epilepsy group was lower than that in the control group (0.64+/-0.07 vs 0.73+/-0.05; P<0.01). The epileptic children with history of febrile seizures had a more decreased ratio of NAA/ (Cho+Cr) compared with those without the history (0.61+/-0.07 vs 0.66+/-0.06; P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the ratio of Lac/Cr between the epilepsy and the control groups.

CONCLUSIONS'H-MRS may provide early information on brain injury sensitively and non-invasively in children with epilepsy. It may be used for diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of epilepsy.

Aspartic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Choline ; analysis ; Epilepsy ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; methods ; Male ; Phosphocreatine ; analysis ; Protons

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of energy therapy on Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ -ATP enzyme activity in rat master muscle after unilateral chew, and to discuss the protective action of the exogenous creatine phosphate on rat masseter muscle after unilateral chew.

METHODSThe 20 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, A: Creatine phosphate normal control group; B: Creatine phosphate experimental group; C: Saline normal control group; D: Saline experimental group. The Ca2+ concentration were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the activity of the Ca2+ -ATP enzyme were determined by super-micro volume Ca2+ -ATP enzyme kit.

RESULTS(1) The Ca2+ concentration of the extraction side of group D which received the saline injection had significant difference compared with the non-extraction side (P = 0.007), the group C (P = 0.009) and the extraction side of group B (P = 0.01); (2) Ca2+ -ATP enzyme activity of group D were higher than its non-extraction side (P = 0.001), group C (P = 0.003) and the extraction side of group B (P = 0.001); (3) The ultrastructural changes of the rat masseter muscle under transmission electron microscope were as follows: The extraction side of group D have more severe pathological manifestations than non-extraction side. Both the extraction side and the non-extraction side of group B had a similar manifestation to the normal control group.

CONCLUSIONExogenous energy material, creatine phosphate, may have certain degree of protective effect on rat masseter muscles after unilateral chew. And it may become a possible way to improve the injury of the masseter muscle.

Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Calcium-Transporting ATPases ; metabolism ; Masseter Muscle ; physiopathology ; ultrastructure ; Mastication ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Phosphocreatine ; pharmacology ; Rats

OBJECTIVETo investigate the therapeutic effects of phosphocreatine in elderly patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) and its effects on plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).

METHODSForty elderly patients with chronic CHF were randomly divided into two groups to receive basic treatment (control group) and additional phosphocreatine treatment (treatment group) with a treatment course of 8 weeks. The patients were evaluated for improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, symptoms, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the levels of BNP before and after treatment.

RESULTSAfter 8 weeks of treatment, the overall efficacy rate was significantly higher in treatment group than in the control group, and LVESD, LVEDD, LVEF and BNP level of the treatment group were significantly lowered in comparison with those of the control group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONPhosphocreatine in addition to the basic treatment can reduce the BNP level and improve the cardiac systolic and diastolic function in elderly patients with chronic CHF.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cardiotonic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Heart Failure ; blood ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; blood ; Phosphocreatine ; therapeutic use ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo study the characteristic changes of 31P-MR spectroscopy of bone and soft tissue tumors.

METHODS41 patients were examined by phosphorus surface coil of 3 tesla MR machine, including 18 benign tumor foci and 28 malignant foci, and adjacent normal muscles. The areas under the peaks of various metabolites in the spectra were measured, including phosphomonoester (PME), inorganic phosphours (Pi), phosphodiester (PDE), phosphocreatine (Pcr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) gamma, alpha, beta. The ratios of the metabolites to beta-ATP, NTP and Pcr were calculated. Intracellular pH was calculated according to the chemical shift change of Pi relative to Pcr.

RESULTSThe ratios of Pcr/PME and PME/NTP in benign and malignant tumor groups were significantly different from those of the normal group (P<0.05). Between benign and malignant tumor groups, the ratios of PME/beta-ATP and PME/NTP were significantly different (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONPcr/PME and PME/NTP are potential diagnostic indexes of bone and soft tissue tumors. PME/beta-ATP and PME/NTP are potential indexes of differential diagnosis of bone and soft tissue tumors.

Adenosine Triphosphate ; metabolism ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Bone Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Child ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Fibroma ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Giant Cell Tumors ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organophosphates ; metabolism ; Osteosarcoma ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Phosphocreatine ; metabolism ; Phosphorus ; metabolism ; Phosphorus Isotopes ; Sarcoma, Ewing ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of salvianolic acid B (SalB) on high energy phosphate and activity of ATPase of cerebral ischemia in mice, and to study the role of SalB on hydrocephalus further.

METHODNIH mice were divided into four groups randomly: Sham-operated group, cerebral ischemia group, SalB-treated group and Nimodipine (Nim)-collated group. In Sal B-treated group, mice were injected with SalB (22.5 mg x kg(-1)) in vena caudalis at 30 min before the experiment. In Nim-collated group, Nim (0.03 mg x kg(-1)) was injected into tail vein at the same time, while the mice in Sham-operated group and cerebral ischemia group were injected the same volume normal saline. The acute cerebral ischemia model was established by ligating bilateral common carotid arteries for 30 min in mice, then the mice were killed and the content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), phosphocreatine (PCr) were observed, and the cerebral energy charge (EC) was computed. At the same time, activity of Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase and Ca2(+) -ATPase, content of water in brain tissue were measured.

RESULTCompared with cerebral ischemia group, EC and content of ATP, ADP, PCr in SalB-treated group heightened evidently (P < 0.01). Moreover, activity of Na(+)-K+ ATPase and Ca2+ ATPase in SalB-treated group had a remarkable increase (P < 0.01). But the content of water in brain tissue decreased markedly (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe mechanism that SalB can relieve content of water in brain tissue of cerebral ischemia in mice, may be associated with improving the content of high-energy phosphoric acid compounds and enhancing the activity of ATPase.

Adenosine Diphosphate ; metabolism ; Adenosine Monophosphate ; metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphatases ; metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; metabolism ; Animals ; Benzofurans ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Brain Ischemia ; physiopathology ; Calcium-Transporting ATPases ; metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Phosphocreatine ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; metabolism ; Water ; metabolism