As a major innovation in macular surgery over the past 30 years,internal limiting membrane peeling has now become standard operation after all-round improvements. However, how to achieve optimal response and avoid poor prognosis by peeling the internal limiting membrane, which is the basement membrane of the Müller cells representing the structural interface between retina and vitreous, still needs to be explored. Prof. Peter Wiedemann, the co-editor-in-chief of our journal, in view of his long-term outstanding contributions to retinal surgery and the important progress his team has made in foveal regeneration, wrote this review with a special invitation. He gladly completed this article in 2wk, which is comprehensive, outlined, insightful, concise and shining with wisdom. It summarizes the history, rationale, techniques, indications, size and adverse outcomes of internal limiting membrane peeling and the surgery for refractory macular hole. It not only affirms current cognition, but raises existing problems, which are worthy reading and reflecting, so it was translated for readers' convenience.

Artificial Intelligence(AI)refers to computer simulation of human mental reasoning, decision making, and behavior. AI has been implemented in various medical fields. AI application has shown tremendous potentials in ophthalmology, as it relies heavily on ocular imaging and visual data. The overall potential of AI includes screening, diagnostic grading, automated detection of disease activity, recurrences, quantification of therapeutic effects, and identification of relevant targets for novel therapeutic approaches, enabling personalized health care and large-scale management. This review briefly introduces and comments the main AI applications in ophthalmology, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataract, telehealth, and related topics. The review also points out the opportunities and challenges in AI implement in clinical practice, including clinical and technical challenges, data quality, explainability of the algorithm results, medicolegal and ethical issues.

● AIM: To investigate the role of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).● METHODS: Bovine choroidal endothelial cells (CEC:)were isolated by the modified protocol using lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin coated Dynabeads, and identiffed by immunocytochemical staining with anti-Factor Ⅷ antibody and uptaking of dil-acetylated low-density lipoprotein (dil-ac-LDL). AGEs were prepared by incubating 50g/L bovine serum albumin and 150g/L glucose at 37℃ for 6wk, which were characterized by dot blot assay with anti-AGEs antibody. CEC proliferation was evaluated using 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and tube formation in CEC was determined by a Vitrogen system.● RESULTS: More than 90% of the cultured cells were positive to Factor V immunostaining and had the ability to uptake dil-ac-LDL, which were the features of endothelial cells. AGEs we prepared were affinitive to anti-AGEs antibody. After treatment with AGEs for a time course of 3d, CEC proliferation was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner by AGEs at concentrations between 62.5 and 500mg/L. The cytokine,basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), enhanced strongly tube-like structure formation in CEC to 124% (P＜0.05)above that of untreated controls. In this condition, AGEs at the concentrations of 500 and 50mg/L showed no effect on CEC tube formation (P＞0.05).● CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that CEC proliferation was increased by AGEs, however, regarding there was no statistically effect on CEC tube formation. These findings confirm and extend that AGEs could be a potential initiator in the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization in exudative AMD, at least in part, through enhancement of CEC proliferation.