Objective To investigate the incidence rate,clinical characteristics,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen,China.Methods Led by Shenzhen Children's Hospital,the Shenzhen Neonatal Data Collaboration Network organized 21 institutions to collect 36 cases of neonatal stroke from January 2020 to December 2022.The incidence,clinical characteristics,treatment,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen were analyzed.Results The incidence rate of neonatal stroke in 21 hospitals from 2020 to 2022 was 1/15 137,1/6 060,and 1/7 704,respectively.Ischemic stroke accounted for 75％(27/36);boys accounted for 64％(23/36).Among the 36 neonates,31(86％)had disease onset within 3 days after birth,and 19(53％)had convulsion as the initial presentation.Cerebral MRI showed that 22 neonates(61％)had left cerebral infarction and 13(36％)had basal ganglia infarction.Magnetic resonance angiography was performed for 12 neonates,among whom 9(75％)had involvement of the middle cerebral artery.Electroencephalography was performed for 29 neonates,with sharp waves in 21 neonates(72％)and seizures in 10 neonates(34％).Symptomatic/supportive treatment varied across different hospitals.Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment was performed for 12 neonates(33％,12/36),with a mean score of(32±4)points.The prognosis of 27 neonates was followed up to around 12 months of age,with 44％(12/27)of the neonates having a good prognosis.Conclusions Ischemic stroke is the main type of neonatal stroke,often with convulsions as the initial presentation,involvement of the middle cerebral artery,sharp waves on electroencephalography,and a relatively low neurodevelopment score.Symptomatic/supportive treatment is the main treatment method,and some neonates tend to have a poor prognosis.

Objective: This cross-sectional investigation aimed to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, prognosis, and related risk factors of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain in mainland China. Methods: Data of patients with SARS-CoV-2 from December 28, 2022, to February 21, 2023, were collected through online and offline questionnaires from 45 tertiary hospitals and one center for disease control and prevention in mainland China. The questionnaire included demographic information, previous health history, smoking and alcohol drinking, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, olfactory and gustatory function before and after infection, other symptoms after infection, as well as the duration and improvement of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The self-reported olfactory and gustatory functions of patients were evaluated using the Olfactory VAS scale and Gustatory VAS scale. Results: A total of 35 566 valid questionnaires were obtained, revealing a high incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain (67.75%). Females(χ2=367.013, P<0.001) and young people(χ2=120.210, P<0.001) were more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Gender(OR=1.564, 95%CI: 1.487-1.645), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), oral health status (OR=0.881, 95%CI: 0.839-0.926), smoking history (OR=1.152, 95%CI=1.080-1.229), and drinking history (OR=0.854, 95%CI: 0.785-0.928) were correlated with the occurrence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2(above P<0.001). 44.62% (4 391/9 840) of the patients who had not recovered their sense of smell and taste also suffered from nasal congestion, runny nose, and 32.62% (3 210/9 840) suffered from dry mouth and sore throat. The improvement of olfactory and taste functions was correlated with the persistence of accompanying symptoms(χ2=10.873, P=0.001). The average score of olfactory and taste VAS scale was 8.41 and 8.51 respectively before SARS-CoV-2 infection, but decreased to3.69 and 4.29 respectively after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and recovered to 5.83and 6.55 respectively at the time of the survey. The median duration of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions was 15 days and 12 days, respectively, with 0.5% (121/24 096) of patients experiencing these dysfunctions for more than 28 days. The overall self-reported improvement rate of smell and taste dysfunctions was 59.16% (14 256/24 096). Gender(OR=0.893, 95%CI: 0.839-0.951), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), history of head and facial trauma(OR=1.180, 95%CI: 1.036-1.344, P=0.013), nose (OR=1.104, 95%CI: 1.042-1.171, P=0.001) and oral (OR=1.162, 95%CI: 1.096-1.233) health status, smoking history(OR=0.765, 95%CI: 0.709-0.825), and the persistence of accompanying symptoms (OR=0.359, 95%CI: 0.332-0.388) were correlated with the recovery of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2 (above P<0.001 except for the indicated values). Conclusion: The incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain is high in mainland China, with females and young people more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Active and effective intervention measures may be required for cases that persist for a long time. The recovery of olfactory and taste functions is influenced by several factors, including gender, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, history of head and facial trauma, nasal and oral health status, smoking history, and persistence of accompanying symptoms.
Female ; Humans ; Adolescent ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Smell ; COVID-19/complications* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Incidence ; Olfaction Disorders/etiology* ; Taste Disorders/etiology* ; Prognosis

Tumor immune checkpoint therapy is a clinical treatment strategy developed based on the new principle of the inhibition of negative immune regulation. In this article, the tumor immune checkpoint therapy and the drug delivery strategies were reviewed, mainly including immunity and tumor therapy, tumor immune checkpoint therapy and its mechanism of action, clinical application of tumor immune checkpoint therapy and therapeutic drugs, immune resistance of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) treatment and countermeasures, drug delivery strategies for tumor immune checkpoint therapeutic agents, etc. As a revolutionary new immunotherapy strategy, tumor immune checkpoint therapy has shown obvious superior therapeutic efficacy in a variety types of tumor. However, tumor immune checkpoint therapy is also faced with a big challenge, namely, immunotherapy resistance. With the discovery of new mechanism, the continuous development of new therapeutic drugs and delivery strategies, tumor immune checkpoint therapy is expected to further improve the clinical efficacy of tumor.

Aim To determine the antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of the recommended prescription for COVID-2019-lung-spleen qi deficiency(4-1)against in vitro infection of SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses.Methods The main chemical substances of 4-1 were analyzed by LC-MS.The toxicity and antiviral effects of of 4-1 were detected by MTT and by CPE assay, respectively.The viral loads in cell supernatant and the expression of inflammatory factors induced by viral infection were determined by qRT-PCR.Results The recommended prescription 4-1 contained 94 chemical compounds, including flavonoids, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, and so on.The range of selection indexes for SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses was 8.44±0.4952.26±2.3.This prescription could inhibit the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2, the expression of ACE2 and S mRNA, and down regulate IL-1α and CCL-5/RANTES at 10, 5, and 2.5 g•L-1 doses.Further, at doses of 20, 10 and 5 g•L-1, it could inhibit the proliferation of three common coronaviruses and suppress the overexpression of IL-6, CXCL-8/IL-8, CXCL-10/IP-10, TNF-α, IFN-α, CCL-2/MCP-1, MIG and CCL-5/RANTES induced by OC43/229E infection.The inhibitory effects were dose-dependent.Conclusions The prescription 4-1 has antiviral and anti-inflammation effects against multiple coronaviruses.This study provides the research basis for the treatment of common respiratory viral infections and emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19 by using traditional Chinese medicine.

Adult ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers ; statistics & numerical data ; Substance-Related Disorders ; therapy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Violence ; statistics & numerical data

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of levetiracetam tablet and carbamazepine tablet in the treatment of children's intractable epilepsy.Methods A total of 96 children with intractable epilepsy were randomly divided into control group and treatment group with 48 cases per group.Control group was given carbamazepine 4-8 mg · kg-1 · d-1,tid,oral.Treatment group was given levetiracetam 4 mg · kg-1,bid,the maximum dose was 16 mg · kg-1 at the speed as 4 mg · kg-1 with every 2 weeks.Two groups were treated for 8 months.The clinical efficacy,neurocognitive function test [verbal intelligence quotient(VIQ),performance intelligence quotient (PIQ),total intelligence quotient(TIQ) and short-term visual memory],and adverse drug reactions were compared between two groups.Results After treatment,the total effective rates in treatment and control groups were 87.50％ (42 cases/48 cases) and 79.17％ (38 cases/48 cases) with significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the main indexes in treatment and control groups were compared:VIQ were (106.97 ± 5.65) and (95.25 ± 3.28) points,PIQ were (116.45 ± 5.16) and (103.61 ± 2.74) points,TIQ were(119.92 ± 4.69) and(95.20 ± 3.24) points,short-term visual memory were (18.45 ± 2.17) and (13.84 ± 1.81) s,the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).The adverse drug reactions of two groups were based on emotional,drowsiness,palpitations and dizziness,also,the incidences of adverse drug reactions in treatment and control groups were 12.50％ and 16.67％ without significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Levetiracetam tablet has a definitive clinical efficacy in the treatment of children's intractable epilepsy,which is better than carbamazepine tablet.Levetiracetam tablet can improve the cognitive ability for children's intractable epilepsy,without increasing the incidence of adverse drug reactions.

BACKGROUNDType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has traditionally been considered to affect mainly the elderly; however, the age at diagnosis has gradually reduced in recent years. Although the incidence of young-onset T2DM is increasing, it is still not fully clear the onset characteristics and risk factors of early-onset T2DM. The aim of this study was to describe the initiating characteristics of early-onset T2DM in Chinese patients and evaluate the risk factors for diabetes mellitus.

METHODSThis cross-sectional controlled study was performed using a questionnaire survey method in outpatients of multiple centers in China. A total of 1545 patients with T2DM with an age at onset of <40 years were included, and the control group consisted of subjects aged <40 years with normal blood glucose level.

RESULTSIn patients with young-onset T2DM, the mean age and initial hemoglobin 1Ac at diagnosis were 32.96 ± 5.40 years and 9.59 ± 2.71%, respectively. Most of the patients were obese, followed irregular diet pattern and sedentary lifestyle, had life or work pressure, and had a family history of diabetes mellitus. Compared with subjects with normal blood glucose level, logistic regression analysis showed that waist-to-hip ratio (odds ratio [OR] 446.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 42.37-4714.87), family history of diabetes mellitus (OR 23.46, CI 14.47-38.03), dyslipidemia (OR 2.65, CI 1.54-4.56), diastolic blood pressure (OR 1.02, CI 1.00-1.04), and body mass index (OR 0.95, CI 0.92-0.99) are independent factors for early-onset T2DM.

CONCLUSIONSWe observed that abdominal obesity, family history of diabetes mellitus, and medical history of hypertension and dyslipidemia are independent risk factors for early-onset T2DM. It is, therefore, necessary to apply early lifestyle intervention in young people with risk of diabetes mellitus.

Adult ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; etiology ; Female ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; analysis ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Waist-Hip Ratio

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of H2O2 on the morphological pattern,vitality,proliferation,cycle period of rabbit intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells.

METHODSTen New Zealand white rabbits (2 to 3 kg, female) were used for isolating nucleus pulposus cells under sterilized condition. The culture solution with 15% FBS and DMEM/F12 (1:1) was applied for cell cultivation. After 90% cell fusion, the first generation was obtain and stimulated by H2O2 with different concentrations of 0 micromol/L (control group), 130 micromol/L,216 p.mol/L,360 Ipmol/L, 600 micromol/L,and 1000 micromol/L.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, there was little difference of the biological property (P>0.05) in 130 micromol/L and 216 micromol/L H202-treated groups. When the concentration of H2O2 attained 360 micromol/L, 600 micromol/L, and 1 000 micromol/L, the cells suffered aging,with increased cell vacuoles,decreased proliferation,and aging:related increase of 13-galactosidase dyeing. The cell cycle of many nucleus pulposus cells was blocked in G1 stage other than entering S stage. With increasing H2O2 concentrations, the aging degree was increased.

CONCLUSIONA certain concentration of H202 could induce early aging of nucleus pulposus cells,resulting in biological abnormalities of these cells.

Animals ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cellular Senescence ; drug effects ; Female ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; pharmacology ; Intervertebral Disc ; cytology ; drug effects ; Oxidative Stress ; Rabbits

OBJECTIVETo compare biological characteristics between nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells in vitro model.

METHODSFive New Zealand white rabbits (2 to 3 kg, either gender) were isolated nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus under sterilized condition, then cultured in nutrient solution with 15% FBS and DMEM/F12 (1:1) by enzyme digestion combined with tissue block method. When 90% cells fused, subcultring were performed. Cell morphology were observed by inverted phase contrast microscope, cell viability were detected by trypan blue staining, histological were observed by a toluidine blue and HE staining, cell proliferation were tested by MTT method, then the cell morphology, viability, proliferation between nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus were compared.

RESULTSThere were no obviously differences between nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus in original and the first strain. Physalides were appeared in annulus fibrosus on the second generation. The strapping time was later, and activity was lower in nucleus pulposus than annulus fibrosus. The growth of cell proliferation in nucleus pulposus was lower than annulus fibrosus from the ninth day.

CONCLUSIONThe cell activity in annulus fibrosus is higher than nucleus pulposus. Digenerative disc disease may caused by recession of nucleus pulposus,local biomechnical changes, furether caused structure change and function loss of annulus fibrosus.

Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Survival ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; cytology ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; physiopathology ; Male ; Rabbits

Objective To investigate the clinical features of children with early-onset benign occipital epilepsy (EBOS) and children with late-onset benign occipital epilepsy (LOS) and their EEG changes,treatments and prognoses.Methods Sixty children with benign occipital epilepsy,admitted to our hospital from June 2007 to June 2012,were chosen in our study; their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.According to the recommendations of the 2001 International League against Epilepsy (ILAE),these patients were divided into EBOS group (n=28) and LOS group (n=32); the clinical manifestations,electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristics,medication effectiveness in the two groups of children were compared.Results No significant difference on gender distribution,febrile convulsion histories and family history of epilepsy was noted between the two groups (P＞0.05); however,average ages of onset in the EBOS group were significantly younger than those in the LOS group (P＜ 0.05),and the onset time,seizure frequency,attack mode,seizures associated symptoms and seizure EEG waveforms in the EBOS group were obviously different as compared with those in the LOS group.Single-drug AED treatment could have control effect in 23 of children in the EBOS group and 12 of children in the LOS group; statistical difference was noted between the two groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion The onset time,seizure frequency,attack mode and seizures associated symptoms are obvious different between children with EBOS and LOS,and combined with seizure EEG waveforms,these differences can be used to identify the two.