Background: Donor Human Milk (DHM) is the recommended food of infants whenever mom’s own milk (MOM) is not available. However, due to the pathogenic microbiological component of DHM, concerns on the safety of the milk are inevitable. Objective: To determine the effect of storage time on the microbial growth of pasteurized and unpasteurized Donor Human Milk maintained at a constant temperature of -20°C. Methodology: This is a Quasi-experimental Research done in the Newborn Care Unit (NCU) and Bacteriology Section of a private tertiary hospital in Davao City. The effect of storage time to the microbial growth of pasteurized and unpasteurized DHM was determined using Friedman Test 2-way Analysis of Variance by Ranks. Pairwise comparison of microbial growth between pasteurized and unpasteurized DHM at different storage times was determined using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Baseline DHM samples had moderately heavy bacterial growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis. There was a decrease from moderately heavy to light growth of the same species in the 24-hour storage time for both pasteurized and unpasteurized DHM. Pasteurized DHM did not have any microbial isolates at 48h, 72h, 4w, 8w and 12w while unpasteurized DHM had Acinetobacter baumanii, Staphylococcus warneri, Kocuria kristinae, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus growths. The analysis revealed that there is a statistically significant difference in the microbial growth in both pasteurized and unpasteurized DHM samples when stored at different times, χ2 (6) = 28.457, p = 0.00. Conclusions Storage time significantly interacts with the microbial growth on both pasteurized and unpasteurized DHM samples. Therefore, microbial growth in DHM samples may be affected by the length of time stored at a constant temperature of -20°C. Pasteurized DHM samples when stored at -20°C for more than 48 hours resulted to a statistically reduced microbial growth.
Milk, Human ; Pasteurization

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to describe the rate of cytomegalovirus (CMV) virolactia, and the prevalence of breast milk (BM)-transmitted postnatal CMV infection among premature infants after freeze-thawing (FT) and Holder pasteurization (HP) of breast milk. METHODS: This is a single-center, retrospective study of 312 infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation, or with a birth weight less than 1,500 g from January 2013 to June 2017. All infants were screened for CMV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM at birth. Initial CMV specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and CMV culture were performed on mothers' BM and babies' urine within the first 21 days of life. FT and HP of BM was used to prevent the transmission of CMV. For the surveillance of postnatal CMV infection, CMV culture and CMV specific PCR of urine from babies were repeated one to two months after the initial screening. Screening for viremia and viruria was performed if postnatal CMV infection was suspected. RESULTS: Among 178 BM samples obtained from mothers of CMV-IgG-seropositive infants, 80 (44.9%) were CMV PCR positive. CMV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected in five of the 22 BM samples (22.7%) obtained from the mothers of CMV-IgG seronegative infants. When CMV DNA load in BM was measured before and after HP, various results were shown. Sixty-three infants out of 232 (27.2%) were evaluated for postnatal CMV infection and four infants out of 63 (6.3%) were infected. CONCLUSION: Interventions to prevent BM-transmitted CMV infection can reduce the chance of postnatal CMV infection, but not completely eliminate it.
Birth Weight ; Breast* ; Cytomegalovirus Infections* ; Cytomegalovirus* ; DNA ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulins ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Mass Screening ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Parturition ; Pasteurization ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; Viremia

BACKGROUND: Human milk is considered the optimal nutritional source for infants. Due to the possibility of microbial contamination during collection and handling, milk is pasteurized to prevent transmission of pathogens. In low-income areas where pasteurization is inaccessible, the pursuit for the best alternative in rendering donor milk safe remains.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine and compare the efficacy of flash heat treatment and holder pasteurization in preserving human milk IgA while reducing bacterial contamination of donor breast milk.

METHODOLOGY: This is an experimental study which utilized pooled donor breastmilk from healthy mothers later subjected to bacterial analysis and immunoglobulin A level determination prior to and post flash heat treatment and pasteurization. Standardized scores were used to normalize population with unknown parameters. T-test comparison of means and Levene's test for equality of variances were used.

RESULTS: Twenty samples of aliquoted breastmilk were subjected to pasteurization and flash heat treatment, both yielding a statistically significant reduction in colony-forming units using Blood agar and MacConkey plates. These sample groups also underwent IgA level determination using Bindarid Kit IgATM and there was no significant decline in IgA levels.

CONCLUSIONS: Flash heat treatment may be an alternative for holder pasteurization in providing safe and effective breastmilk.

Human milk banks are a solution for mothers who cannot supply their own breast milk to their sick or hospitalized infants; premature infants, in particular, are unable to receive a full volume of breast milk for numerous reasons. As of December 2015, there was only one milk bank in a university hospital in Korea. We reviewed the basic characteristics of donors and recipients, and the amounts and contamination of breast milk donated at the Human Milk Bank in Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong in Korea from 2008 to 2015. The donor pool consisted of 463 first-time donors and 452 repeat donors who made 1,724 donations. A total of 10,820 L of breast milk was collected, and 9,541.6 L were processed. Detectable bacteria grew in 12.6% after pasteurization and 52.5% had cytomegalovirus DNA before pasteurization in donated milk. There were 836 infant and 25 adult recipients; among new infant recipients, 48.5% were preterm; the groups received 8,009 and 165.7 L of donor milk, respectively. There was an increase in the percentage of preterm infants among new infant recipients in 2015 (93.1%) compared to 2008 (8.5%). Based on the number of premature infants in Korea, the number of potential recipients is not likely to diminish anytime soon, despite efforts to improve the breastfeeding rate. Sustainability and quality improvement of the milk bank need long-term financial support by health authorities and a nationwide network similar to blood banking will further contribute to the progress of milk banking.
Adult ; Bacteria ; Blood Banks ; Breast Feeding ; Cytomegalovirus ; DNA ; Financial Support ; Humans* ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Korea ; Milk ; Milk Banks ; Milk, Human* ; Mothers ; Pasteurization ; Quality Improvement ; Tissue Donors

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The current South Korean government policy on food irradiation technology should be reformed based on an in-depth investigation of the communications aspect, because the issue is no longer of a technological nature, given the proven safety and efficacy of the processes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The target population of the education program consisted of elementary, middle, and high school students attending 310 schools in South Korea (2013: 63 schools, 2014: 104 schools, 2015: 143 schools). Data subjected to analysis were 13,327 pre-education and 12,641 post-education questionnaires received from 7,582 elementary, 2,671 middle, and 3,249 high school students who participated in the education program from May 2012 to April 2015 (n = 12,831), after the exclusion of inadequately filled-in questionnaires. RESULTS: Analysis of the three-year educational effect trend was conducted by comparing levels of variables before and after food radiation education. The analysis yielded the finding that the post-education levels were significantly higher for all variables. That is, for interest in education, perception (necessity, safety, subjective knowledge, and information acquisition), objective knowledge, and attitude, with the sole exception of objective knowledge in 2013. CONCLUSIONS: Given that post-education levels of perception, knowledge, and attitude concerning irradiated foods increased considerably compared to pre-education levels, behavior change should be induced by providing continuous education to enhance, these primary variables.
Education* ; Food Irradiation* ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Korea*

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Educational interventions targeted food selection perception, knowledge, attitude, and behavior. Education regarding irradiated food was intended to change food selection behavior specific to it. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: There were 43 elementary students (35.0%), 45 middle school students (36.6%), and 35 high school students (28.5%). The first step was research design. Educational targets were selected and informed consent was obtained in step two. An initial survey was conducted as step three. Step four was a 45 minute-long theoretical educational intervention. Step five concluded with a survey and experiment on food selection behavior. RESULTS: As a result of conducting a 45 minute-long education on the principles, actual state of usage, and pros and cons of irradiated food for elementary, middle, and high-school students in Korea, perception, knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding the irradiated food was significantly higher after the education than before the education (P < 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The behavior of irradiated food selection shows high correlation with all variables of perception, knowledge, and attitude, and it is necessary to provide information of each level of change in perception, knowledge, and attitude in order to derive proper behavior change, which is the ultimate goal of the education.
Education* ; Food Irradiation* ; Food Preferences ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Korea ; Research Design

PURPOSE: For the best possible aesthetic reconstruction after craniofacial bone tumor resection, pasteurization has been adopted to devitalize neoplastic cells while maintaining osteoinductive properties and mechanical strength. This case report aims to demonstrate a long-term follow-up result of a monostotic fibrous dysplasia in frontal bone which was reconstructed by pasteurized tumoral autograft in situ. METHODS: A 14-year-old girl presented with a hard, nontender, slowly growing mass of 6-year duration on her left supraorbital area. CT showed 5 x 4 x 3 cm sized well defined bony mass confined to frontal bone with heterogeneous density. Tumor was excised completely through bicoronal approach and reimplanted to its original site after pasteurization at 60feminineC for 30 minutes. The pathologic examination confirmed fibrous dysplasia. RESULTS: She revisited our clinic 5 years later after suffering some assault on her face. On CT examination, pasteurized tumoral autograft was incorporated to host bone except the fractured upper orbital rim without any evidence of recurrence. She has been satisfied with the result. CONCLUSION: Pasteurization offers a simple, reliable, cosmetic, economic, and durable reconstruction method for craniofacial skeletal tumor. It has advantages of both biologic incorporation ability and mechanical strength without risk of recurrence. So, it should be considered as one of the primary options in benign as well as resectable malignant tumors of craniofacial skeleton.
Adolescent ; Cosmetics ; Fibrous Dysplasia, Monostotic ; Follow-Up Studies ; Frontal Bone ; Humans ; Orbit ; Pasteurization ; Recurrence ; Skeleton ; Stress, Psychological

Food irradiation has been steadily increased in many countries concomitantly with increasing international trades. Harmful contaminants naturally occurred from foods which contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids that are easily oxidized can affect the human anti-oxidation system through the generation of free radicals. Moreover, previous studies proved that gamma-irradiation may cause production of free radicals in food. We investigated the effect of gamma-irradiated soybeans in relation to oxidative stress in mice. Oxidative index of mice was evaluated by TBARS, DNA fragmentation in various organs such as blood lymphocytes, liver and kidney. Forty male ICR mice were equally divided into 4 groups and fed control diet or gamma-irradiated diet containing 50% soybeans (5, 10, and 20 kGy, respectively )for 8 weeks. Pero-xide values of the irradiated diets were higher than that of the non-irradiated one and increased according to the storage period. There was no significant difference in weight gain as well as in TBARS value in plasma and kidney of all groups. Liver TBARS value of the group fed with irradiated diet at 20 kGy increased significantly compared with the control group (p <0.05 ). DNA oxidative damage as measured by alkaline comet assay showed that % tail DNA in the blood lymphocytes of 5 kGy and 10 kGy groups increased significantly over the control group (p <0.05 ). Also, tail moments of 5 kGy and 10 kGy groups were higher than that of the control group. Ultrastructural examination shows myeline figures and swollen mitochondria in parietal and intestinal epithelial cells of the group fed with irradiated diet. Therefore, considering unsaturated fatty acid content, consumption of soybeans gamma-irradiated with over 20 kGy or repe-atedly may decrease the body's antioxidant mechanism.
Animals ; Comet Assay ; Diet* ; DNA ; DNA Damage ; DNA Fragmentation ; Epithelial Cells ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Food Irradiation ; Free Radicals ; Humans ; Kidney ; Liver ; Lymphocytes ; Male ; Mice* ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Mitochondria ; Myelin Sheath ; Oxidative Stress* ; Plasma ; Rabeprazole ; Soybeans* ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Weight Gain

In this study, we investigated the in vivo effect by intake of the irradiated foods such as mackerel and sesame seed which are high in unsaturated fatty acid through TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive subtance) and the tissue pathological and genotoxicological test. Thirty two ICR mice are divided into four groups, one non-irradiated (control) group and three irradiated (5, 10, 20 kGy, respectively) groups. Sesame seed and pulverized mackerel in modified AIN93M diet were mixed together then divided into four identical parts. Three parts of them were irradiated by doses of 5, 10, and 20 kGy. These experimental diet were fed to each group for 4, 8 and 16 weeks. The results of the study were as follows: No significant differences in weight gain were found in each group. Peroxide value of the irradiated diet was higher than that of the non-radiated one and also increased according to the storage period. TBA values in plasma, liver, kidney and Peyer's patch were not significantly different among 4 groups. DNA% in tail, tail length (TL) and tail moment (TM) values of the blood lymphocyte in 4, 8 and 16 week groups and the liver in 16 week group were much measured over the control. DNA% in tail of kidney of 8 week group was significantly larger than the control and TL and TM of 8 week and TM of 16 week groups showed a tendency of higher values. By Peyer's patch, DNA% in tail of 8 week group, DNA% in tail and TM of 16 week groups increased significantly over the control. Ultrastructural examination shows myeline figures and swollen mitochondria in parietal cells and intestinal epithelial cells of 8 and 16 weeks groups. After this study, we need further investigations on the safety of highly consumed foods which contai high contents of unsaturated fatty acid, largely imported and which are possible to be irradiated.
Animals ; Comet Assay ; Diet* ; Epithelial Cells ; Food Irradiation ; Kidney ; Liver ; Lymphocytes ; Mice* ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Mitochondria ; Myelin Sheath ; Oxidative Stress* ; Perciformes ; Plasma ; Rabeprazole ; Sesamum ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Weight Gain

Food irradiation has been steadily increased in many countries concomitantly with increasing international trades and concerns about naturally occurring harmful contaminants of food. Although, irradiation provides an excellent safeguard for the consumer by destroying harmful bacteria, it would be necessary to investigate nutritional adequacy of irradiated foods with a special emphasis on such foods as red pepper powders, cold-water fishes (mackerel), sesame seeds that are widely consumed in Korea. These food items are of special concern due to the fact that most of them are imported and that several nutrients contained in them are sensitively reacting to irradiation. We observed changes in the antioxidant nutrients contents, such as vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin C and total phenol, and also vitamin B1 in the foods that were irradiated at different dose levels. The nutrients contents in red pepper were respectively 98.6% and 92.3% for total phenol, and 97.8% and 94.5% for beta-carotene, right after irradiation at the dose of 10 and 20 kGy. The vitamin C contents decreased with irradiation doses up to 76.4% (10 kGy) and 68.5% (20 kGy) and B1 contents decreased to 54.9% and 80.7% of non irradiated red pepper. When the mackerel was irradiated at the applied dose of 3 and 7 kGy, total phenol concentration of the irradiated fish was respectively 91.3% and 94.2% of non irradiated fish. The amounts of vitamin A were 82.6% (3 kGy) and 78.0% (7 kGy) of unirradiated sample and vitamin B1 contents reduced to 30.5% and 51.5%. alpha-Tocopherol content was 33.9% of the non-irradiated one when it was irradiated at 7 kGy. Vitamin A and gamma-tocopherol contents in sesame seeds linearly decreased with the applied doses (5 and 10 kGy). Vitamin A contents decreased up to 87.8% (5 kGy) and 82.9% (10 kGy) and that of gamma-tocopherol were 72.4% and 66.5% of the unirradiated sample.
alpha-Tocopherol ; Ascorbic Acid ; Bacteria ; beta Carotene ; Capsicum ; Fishes ; Food Irradiation* ; gamma-Tocopherol ; Korea* ; Perciformes ; Phenol ; Powders ; Sesamum ; Thiamine* ; Vitamin A ; Vitamins*