ObjectiveHuman papilloma virus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical cancer and is also closely related to penile cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, and anal cancer in males. However, few studies are reported on male HPV. This study aimed to investigate HPV infection of the external genitalia in men whose female partners have cervical HPV infection.

METHODSWe collected the relevant data on the male outpatients whose partners had cervical HPV infection in our Department of Urology and Andrology from August to December 2016. We obtained samples with nylon swabs from the glans penis, corona, inner layer of the prepuce and penile body and detected different types of HPV infection using the Hybribio HPV typing kit, PCR and membrane hybridization.

RESULTSValid data were collected from 140 males, which showed 83.5% of HPV infection of the external genitalia, including 60 cases of HPV6 (43.2%), 27 cases of HPV16 (19.4%), 14 cases of HPV39 (10.1%), 13 cases of HPV18 (9.4%), 13 cases of HPV58 (9.4%), and 13 cases of HPV52 (9.4%). Redundant prepuce was found in 75.5% of the males, but there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of HPV infection between the normal and redundant prepuce groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSMen who have the female partners with positive cervical HPV are at high risk of HPV infection and therefore need to be screened and treated so as to reduce HPV infection in both sexes.

Female ; Foreskin ; virology ; Genital Diseases, Female ; virology ; Genital Diseases, Male ; virology ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Papillomaviridae ; isolation & purification ; Papillomavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; Penile Neoplasms ; virology ; Penis ; abnormalities ; virology ; Phimosis ; virology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sexual Partners ; Specimen Handling ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; virology

Objective: To explore the effect of vaginal micro-environment alterations and HPV16 infection and their interaction in the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Methods: The participants of this study came from the cervical lesions study cohort in Shanxi province, including 623 women with normal cervical (NC), 303 patients with pathogenically diagnosed low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CINⅠ) and 93 patients with pathogenically diagnosed high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CINⅡ/Ⅲ). The data of the demographic characteristics of the study subjects and factors related to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were collected, and HPV16 infection were detected by using flow-through hybridization technology and H(2)O(2), β-glucuronidase, clotting enzyme, neuraminidase and leucocyte esterase in vaginal secretions were detected by using the combined detection kit of aerobic vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis. pH value and vaginal cleanliness were also detected at the same time. The database was established and analyzed by SPSS statistical software (version 22.0). Results: The HPV16 infection rate (trend χ(2)=55.45, P<0.001) and the abnormal rates of H(2)O(2) (trend χ(2)=26.19, P<0.001), pH (trend χ(2)=5.06, P=0.024), vaginal cleanliness (trend χ(2)=19.55, P<0.001), β-glucuronidase (trend χ(2)=17.52, P<0.001) and neuraminidase (trend χ(2)=14.90, P<0.001) increased gradually along with the severity of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, but the abnormal rates of clotting enzyme and leucocyte esterase showed no same trend. The results of GMDR model analysis showed that there was interaction between HPV16 infection and abnormalities of H(2)O(2), β-glucuronidase, clotting enzyme and neuraminidase in CINⅠ group, and the interaction between HPV16 infection and the abnormalities of vaginal cleanliness, H(2)O(2), β-glucuronidase and neuraminidase in CIN Ⅱ/Ⅲ group. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that the vaginal micro-environment alterations and HPV16 infection could increase the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and they might have an important synergistic effect in the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Female ; Human papillomavirus 16/isolation & purification* ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Papillomavirus Infections/virology* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology* ; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/virology*

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted using the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA chip test (HDC), in order to determine whether the HPV genotype is a predictor of residual disease in a subsequent hysterectomy following a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3. METHODS: Between January 2002 and February 2015, a total of 189 patients who underwent a hysterectomy within 6 months of LEEP caused by CIN 3 were included in this study. We analyzed their epidemiological data, pathological parameters, high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) load as measured by the hybrid capture II assay, and HR-HPV genotype as measured by the HDC. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between covariates and the probability of residual disease in subsequent hysterectomy specimens. RESULTS: Of the 189 patients, 92 (48.7%) had residual disease in the hysterectomy specimen, CIN 2 in seven patients, CIN 3 in 79 patients, IA1 cancer in five patients, and IA2 cancer in one patient. Using multivariate analysis, the results were as follows: cone margin positivity (odds ratio [OR], 2.43; 95% CI, 1.18 to 5.29; p<0.05), HPV viral load > or =220 relative light unit (OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.38 to 6.43; p<0.01), positive endocervical cytology (OR, 8.97; 95% CI, 3.81 to 21.13; p<0.001), and HPV-16 or HPV-18 positivity (OR, 9.07; 95% CI, 3.86 to 21.30; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The HPV-16 or HPV-18 genotype is a reliable predictive factor of residual disease in a subsequent hysterectomy following a LEEP for CIN 3.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia/*surgery/virology ; Electrosurgery/methods ; Female ; Genotype ; Genotyping Techniques/methods ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 18/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Papillomavirus Infections/*virology ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/*surgery/virology ; Viral Load

OBJECTIVETo understand the distributions of DNA and neutralizing antibodies of human papillomavirus (HPV)16, 18 in 18-45 year-old women.

METHODSTotally, 1494 women were enrolled through multistage random sampling in Funing, Jiangsu province. Cervical exfoliated cells were collected from them for HPV DNA testing, and serum samples were taken from them for the detection of HPV16, 18 neutralizing antibodies by using pseudovirion-based neutralization assay(PBNA).

RESULTSAmong the 1494 women, 28(1.9%) and 188(12.6%) were positive for DNA and neutralizing antibody of HPV16 respectively, and 15(1.0%) and 60(4.0%) were positive for DNA and neutralizing antibody of HPV18, respectively. There were no significant differences in the detection rates of DNA and neutralizing antibody of HPV16, 18 among different age groups. About 16.7% of the women were infected with HPV16, 18, or both.

CONCLUSIONIn Funing county of Jiangsu province, most women aged 18-45 years has no immunity to HPV16 and 18, indicating that they are appropriate targets for HPV 16/18 vaccination.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; isolation & purification ; Antibodies, Viral ; isolation & purification ; China ; DNA, Viral ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; immunology ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; immunology ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomavirus Infections ; prevention & control ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Young Adult

Further understanding of male human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary to prevent infection in men, as well as transmission to women. In our current study, we investigated patterns of HPV infection and genotype distributions in male genital warts using the Anyplex II HPV28 Detection kit. We reviewed the medical records of 80 male patients who presented to 5 neighborhood clinics in Ulsan, Korea, for the treatment of genital warts between April 2014 and January 2015. All patients underwent HPV genotyping. The prevalence and characteristics of HPV infection were analyzed, and the patterns of HPV infection according to age were assessed. Among the study patients, 13 (16.3%) were negative for HPV infection, 46 (57.3%) were infected with low-risk HPV, and 21 (26.3%) were infected with high-risk HPV. Patients with multiple HPV infection were more likely to have high-risk HPV infection (P = 0.001). The prevalence of HPV infection was much higher in samples obtained by tissue excision due to a definite lesion (P = 0.001). There were no differences in high-risk HPV infection (P = 0.459), multiple HPV infection (P = 0.185), and recurrence at diagnosis (P = 0.178) according to age. HPV-6 and HPV-11 were the most common type overall (39.7% and 13.8%, respectively). HPV-16 and HPV-18 were the most common high-risk infections (both 3.4%). HPV infection is not only commonly encountered in male genital warts, but is also accompanied by high-risk HPV and multiple infections.
Adult ; Condylomata Acuminata/epidemiology/*pathology/virology ; DNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; Genotype ; Human papillomavirus 11/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 18/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 6/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of submucosal resection by CO2 laser in the treatment of recurrent laryngeal papilloma and the effect on prognosis. METHOD: A total of 11 patients diagnosed as recurrent laryngeal papilloma were included in this review. Papilloma was marked before operation and checked under fibro-laryngoscope. Papilloma was resected completely including the submucosal tissure with CO2 laser or microequipment. In widespread papilloma, false membrane in raw surface were cleared 7-10 days after operation. Surgical specimens (including membrane) were detected by routine pathology, HPV typing and immunohistochemical pathologic examination. The patients were checked once a month in the first 3 months after operation, and then once for every 3 months. Once the hoarseness and other symptoms aggravated or the disease was recurrent, the patients were treated immediately. RESULT: HPV viral DNA was found in 10/11 cases, with HPV11 (7/11 cases) and HPV6 (3/11 cases). Cases with regards to follow-up, from 6 months to 1 year, 3 cases were followed up 1 year after operation, without recurrence. Five patients including 2 children were followed up 6 to 12 months after operation, without recurrence. Two children underwent 2 or 3 operations, were followed-up more than 6 months withouting recurrence. CONCLUSION Papilloma submucosal resection could decrease postoperative recurrence and is worth to be further investigated.
Child ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; Human papillomavirus 11 ; isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 6 ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Laryngoscopes ; Lasers, Gas ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Papilloma ; diagnosis ; surgery ; virology ; Papillomavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Postoperative Period ; Prognosis ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; diagnosis ; surgery

OBJECTIVE: To explore the differential expression of microRNA (miRNA) in HPV16-positive squamous carcinoma of the cervix in the Uygur of southern Xinjiang and to predict the target genes of the miRNAs.
 METHODS: Samples of HPV16-positive squamous carcinoma of the cervix from 5 Uygurs were collected for miRNA microarray assay. The differentially expressed miRNAs were selected for further verification by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The software, including targetscan, miRwalk, miRanda and pictar, were used to predict the target genes of the verified miRNAs.
 RESULTS: Eighteen differentially expressed miRNAs were identified by miRNA microarray assay. The significantly differentially expressed miRNA-138 and miRNA-720 were verified by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. According to the prediction, the target genes for miRNA-138 were EZH2, LYPLA1, ARHGEF3, CLNS1A, EIF4EBP1, GNAI2, LIMK1, RHOC, ROCK2, SLC20A1, TERT, and H2AFX, while for miRNA-720 were EZH2, AGAP2, SPOCK2, FGF14, HNRNPA2B1, QKI, FOXG1, ACVR1B, DNMT3A, EPHB2, LATS2, KRAS, CCND2, NBN, ENAM, AMELX, PRNP, and CALB1.
 CONCLUSION miR-138 and miR-720 are the down-regulated target miRNAs in HPV16-positive squamous carcinoma of the cervix in the Uygur of southern Xinjiang. The common target gene for miR-138 and miR-720 is EZH2, which might be related to cervical squamous carcinoma invasion and metastasis.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; metabolism ; virology ; China ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; metabolism ; Papillomavirus Infections ; metabolism ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; metabolism ; virology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the diagnostic performance of different specimens for detecting CIN2(+), and to find the solution of the problem that why the performance of self-collected specimen is worse than cervical specimen collected by physician.

METHODSThe cervix, lower 1/3 vagina, upper 1/3 vagina and self-collected specimens from each of the 806 women who took part in this multi-center screening program from May 2006 to April 2007 were tested by hybrid capture 2 (HC2) technique. The diagnostic performance of HC2 on the four specimens for detecting CIN2(+) lesions was calculated. Linear array was performed on the four specimens from 489 out of the 806 women and the diagnostic performance of linear array on the four specimens for detecting CIN2(+) lesions was also calculated. Z test was used to compare the area under ROC and McNemar or χ(2) test was used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of different specimens.

RESULTSThe area under ROC of the cervix, 1/3 upper vagina, 1/3 lower vagina and self-collected samples testing by HC2 for detecting CIN2(+) lesions were 0.902, 0.793, 0.769 and 0.773, respectively (P < 0.001). Using 1 RUL/CO as the cut-point of HC2, the sensitivity of the cervix, upper vagina, lower vagina and self-collected samples were 98.0%, 91.8%, 83.7% and 81.6%. Compared with the cervical specimen, the sensitivity of self-collected specimen for detecting CIN2(+) lesions was significantly lower (P = 0.008). Lowering the cutoff value for HC2 test could improve the sensitivity of self-collected specimen, but it significantly compromised the specificity. The sensitivity of self-collected specimen tested by linear array for detecting CIN2(+) lesions was 95.7% and it was not significantly different compared with the sensitivity of cervical specimen (97.9%) tested by HC2.

CONCLUSIONSThe performance of self-collected specimen tested by HC2 for detecting CIN2(+) lesions is lower than that of physician-collected cervical specimen, and lowering the cutoff value can't improve its diagnostic performance. Using linear array as the HPV DNA test can significantly improve the screening diagnostic performance of self-collected specimens.

Adolescent ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; diagnosis ; virology ; Cervix Uteri ; virology ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; Female ; Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Papillomaviridae ; isolation & purification ; Papillomavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; virology ; Self-Examination ; Specimen Handling ; methods ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; virology ; Vagina ; virology

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of p16 and PR immunoreactivity and HPV infection in endocervical adenocarcinoma.

METHODSParaffin blocks of 62 patients with endocervical adnocarcinoma treated in the Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from year 2005 to year 2010 were collected. p16 and PR immunostaining and HPV detecting by SPF-10 PCR were conducted on all cases.

RESULTSHPV infection rate of the 62 endocervical adnocarcinoma cases was 74.2% with four cases combined with CIN3. Among the 46 HPV-positive cases, there were 22 cases of HPV18 infection (47.8%), 14 cases of HPV16 infection (30.4%), one case of HPV59 infection (2.2%). and nine multiple HPV infection cases (19.6%). The mean age of the 16 HPV-negative cases was (49.6 ± 10.5)year, while the mean age of the 46 HPV-positive cases was (42.8 ± 9.7)year, showing a significant difference between the two subgroups (P = 0.022). The positive rate of p16 infection was 80.6%. Association analysis showed that the results of p16 and HPV test were independent to each other (P = 0.077). The positive rate of PR was 3.2%. Among the 62 cases, there were 24 cases containing normal cervical glands, with 19 cases PR-positive in the normal cervical glands and the positive rate was 79.2%. The difference of PR positivity between neoplastic glands and normal glands was statistically significant by Chi-square test (P < 0.01) .

CONCLUSIONSThe HPV infection rate of endocervical adnocarcinoma is 74.2%, and the major subtypes were HPV16 and HPV18 infection. p16 immunoreactivity in endocervical adenocarcinoma maybe not the proof of high-risk HPV-related neoplasm. PR staining can be used as a reference designator to differentiate between neoplastic and normal cervical glands.

Adenocarcinoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology ; Adult ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 ; metabolism ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Middle Aged ; Papillomaviridae ; isolation & purification ; Papillomavirus Infections ; virology ; Receptors, Progesterone ; metabolism ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology

The epidemiology on human papillomavirus (HPV) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women in Korea is not well established. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection among HIV-infected women in Korea. HPV DNA genotype and cervical cytology were examined in 60 HIV-positive women and 1,938 HIV-negative women. HPV genotypes were analyzed by using a HPV DNA chip. HIV-infected women had higher prevalence of high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) infection (30% vs 4.9%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.63-13.34, P<0.001) and abnormal cervical cytology (18.3% vs 1.8%, AOR, 10.94; 95% CI, 5.18-23.1, P<0.001) compared with controls. The most common hr-HPV genotype detected in HIV-infected women was HPV 16 (10%), followed by 18 (6.7%) and 52 (5%). Prevalence of quadrivalent vaccine-preventable types (HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18) was 21.7% and 2.3% in HIV-positive women and HIV-negative women, respectively. Age was a significant risk factor for hr-HPV infection in HIV-infected women (P=0.039). The presence of hr-HPV was significantly associated with abnormal cervical cytology (P<0.001). These findings suggest that HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in HIV-infected women would be necessary, particularly among young age group.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Cervix Uteri/virology ; DNA Probes, HPV/diagnostic use ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/complications/*epidemiology/genetics ; HIV-1/genetics ; Human papillomavirus 11/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 18/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 6/genetics/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomavirus Infections/complications/*epidemiology/*genetics ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology/genetics/virology