Humans ; Lung Transplantation/adverse effects* ; Risk Factors

Humans ; B7-H1 Antigen ; Neoplasms/genetics*

Objective: To analyze the effect of intervention programs and influencing factors regarding the community "5+1" staged diabetes target management on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to provide evidence for improving the quality of life (QOL). Methods: A total of 12 community health service centers from Shanxi province, Jiangsu province, and Ningxia Hui autonomous region were selected as intervention group and control group, by stratified cluster sampling method. "5+1" model was used in intervention groups and basic public health services model was applied in control groups for this two-year follow-up. Data was collected through a questionnaire on demographic and disease-related information, while the QOL was measured with SF-36. Multiple linear regression and conducted by SAS 9.4. Results: A total of 2 467 subjects were included at baseline and 1 924 had completed a two-year-long management service. After intervention programs being implemented, the net effect of PCS score between the intervention and the control groups was 13.6, with the net effect of MCS score as 29.8. Results from the multiple linear regression showed that the main factors affecting PCS scores included age, type of medical insurance, baseline PCS score and regions of residency. Main factors related to MCS score included age, type of medical insurance, baseline MCS score, hypertension, and region of residency. Conclusion: Community "5+1" staged diabetes target management model presented favorable effect of improving the QOL on T2DM patients.
Community Health Services/organization & administration* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Program Evaluation ; Quality of Life ; Self Care ; Self-Management ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Family-based cohort study is a special type of study design, in which biological samples and environmental exposure information of the member in a family are collected and related follow up is conducted. Family-based cohort study can be applied to explore the effect of genetic factors, environmental factors, gene-gene interaction, and gene-environment interaction in the etiology of complex diseases. This paper summarizes the objectives, methods and results, as well as the opportunities and challenges of the family-based cohort study on common chronic non-communicable diseases in rural population in northern China.
China/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease/ethnology* ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Noncommunicable Diseases/ethnology* ; Research Design ; Rural Population

Objective: To explore the long-term effects of maternal pregnancy bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on emotional and behavioral problems appeared in their preschool children. Methods: The study sample was a subset of the China-Anhui Birth Cohort Study (C-ABCS). A unified questionnaire was used to collect basic information on both pregnant women and their children. Free BPA concentration in maternal serum was determined by high-performance liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The parent-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to estimate the emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children. A total of 1 713 pairs of mothers and children were included in this study. Association between BPA exposure during pregnancy and the emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children was evaluated with multinomial logistic regression model. Results: Prevalence rates in 1 713 preschool children appeared as: 6.48% of emotional problems, 8.11% for conduct problems, 8.35% for hyperactivity/inattention, 2.86% for peer problems, 11.38% for prosocial behaviors and 7.94% for total difficulties. Subjects were divided according to the degrees of exposure and the results showed as: low exposure group (≤0.120 ng/ml), medium exposure group (0.120OR=1.876, 95% CI: 1.161-3.029), more obvious in boys (OR=2.291, 95%CI: 1.126-4.661). Conclusion: Maternal exposure to high level of BPA during pregnancy might increase the detrimental effects of abnormal conducts in their preschool children, more obviously seen in boys.
Benzhydryl Compounds/toxicity* ; Child Behavior Disorders/etiology* ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Emotions/physiology* ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Pollutants ; Female ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Humans ; Male ; Maternal Exposure ; Mothers ; Phenols/toxicity* ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Objective: To explore the relationship of family environment in childhood and adolescence and mental health in adulthood. Methods: A total of 791 subjects aged ≥25 years were selected through the Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR). The short-form of Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV) was used to evaluate the family environment during childhood and adolescence in three dimensions: relationship, system maintenance and personal growth. The mental health status in adulthood was assessed with the Chinese version of 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). The generalized linear mixed model was used to examine their relationship. Results: About 4.6% of the subjects reported general or worse mental health status. Compared with the subjects with good mental status, statistical difference was observed only in parenting way among twins (living together or not). After adjusting the potential confounders, such as age, sex, zygosity, education and lifestyle (smoking, drinking and physical activity), good family relationship and system maintenance had a positive effect on mental health, with the OR (95%CI) of 0.66 (0.51-0.87) and 0.70 (0.50-0.98) respectively. Furthermore, parenting way did not modify the effect of family environment on mental health status in adulthood (interaction: P>0.05). In each scale, scores of cohesion and organization were positively correlated with mental health, while the score of conflict was negatively correlated with the mental health. Conclusion: Good family relationship and system maintenance in childhood and adolescence had a positive impact on mental health in adulthood.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; China ; Family Relations ; Female ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Mental Health ; Parenting

Objective: To assess the association and intensity of baseline TC level with the incidence of lung cancer in men in China. Methods: Since May 2006, all the male workers, including the employees and the retirees in Kailuan Group were recruited in the Kailuan male dynamic cohort study. Information about demographics, medical history, anthropometry and TC level were collected at the baseline interview, as well as the information of newly-diagnosed lung cancer cases during the follow-up period. According to guidelines for blood lipids in Chinese adults and the distribution in the population, TC level was classified into five groups as followed: <160, 160-, 180-, 200- and ≥240 mg/dl, with the second quintile group (160- mg/dl) serving as the referent category. Cox proportional hazards regression model and restricted cubic spline (RCS) model were used to evaluate the association and the nonlinear association between baseline TC level and the risk of lung cancer in the men. Results: By December 31, 2014, for the 109 884 men, a follow up of 763 819.25 person-years was made with a median follow-up period of 7.88 years. During the follow up, 808 lung cancer cases were identified. After adjustment for age, education level, income level, smoking status, alcohol consumption level, history of dust exposure, FPG level and BMI, HR (95%CI) of lung cancer for men with lower TC level (<160 mg/dl) and higher TC level (≥240 mg/dl) were 1.34 (1.04- 1.72) and 1.45 (1.09-1.92), respectively, compared with men with normal TC level (160- mg/dl). The results didn't change significantly after exclusion of newly diagnosed cancer cases within 2 years of follow up and subjects with the history of hyperlipidemia. Conclusion: Our results showed that TC might be associated with higher risk of lung cancer. Men with lower TC level or higher TC level had higher risk for lung cancer. Keep moderate TC level might be one of the effective precaution for the prevention of lung cancer.
Adult ; Asian People ; China/epidemiology* ; Cholesterol/blood* ; Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lipids ; Lung Neoplasms/ethnology* ; Male ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Objective: To investigate the association between alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in Chinese males. Methods: Information on alcohol consumption and outcomes were collected on a biennial basis among males in Kailuan Cohort (2006-2015). In addition, electronic databases of hospitals affiliated to Kailuan Community, Insurance Systems of Kailuan Community and Tangshan were also used for supplementary information retrieval. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95%CI of baseline frequency and type of alcohol consumption associated with lung cancer risk in males. Non-drinkers were used as control group. Results: A total of 101 751 males were included and 913 new lung cancer cases were identified in the Kailuan male cohort study, with a total follow-up time of 808 146.56 person-years and a median follow-up time of 8.88 years by 31 December 2015. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the HR of former drinkers, occasional drinkers (<1/day) and drinkers (≥1/day) were 1.30 (95%CI: 0.90-1.88), 0.80 (95%CI: 0.64-1.01) and 1.04 (95%CI: 0.85-1.27), respectively, compared with non-drinkers. In addition, drinking beer/red wine (HR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.69-1.20) and white wine (HR=0.99, 95%CI: 0.83-1.19) showed no significant association with lung cancer. The results were similar when stratified analysis were conducted. Conclusion: Our study results don't support the hypothesis that alcohol consumption is significantly associated with the risk of lung cancer in males.
Adult ; Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Objective: To investigate the economic burden of hepatitis C patients and related factors in Guangdong province. Methods: In this study, cluster sampling method was used to select cases, including acute hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis cases from eligible outpatients and inpatients in 1 or 2 large general hospitals in all the 21 cities in Guangdong province. Questionnaire survey was conducted for all the hepatitis C patients to analyze their economic burden, while multivariate linear regression model was used to identify the related influencing factors. Results: A total of 356 hepatitis C patients were enrolled in the study, with 176 outpatients (49.4%) and 180 inpatients (50.6%) respectively. The average age of the study subjects was (44.79±11.73) year-olds. The annual direct economic costs of patients with acute hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis were 10 703.22 (IQR: 7 396.75-16 891.91), 14 886.63 (IQR: 7 274.00-30 228.25) and 28 874.00 (IQR: 13 093.69-56 350.00) Yuan (RMB) respectively. The annual indirect costs appeared as 2 426.99 (IQR: 1 912.18-7 354.52), 3 235.99 (IQR: 1 323.81-6 619.07) and 5 442.35 (IQR: 3 235.99-10 296.33) Yuan (RMB) respectively. The annual intangible costs were 5 000.00 (IQR:2 000.00-10 000.00), 10 000.00 (IQR: 4 000.00-30 000.00) and 10 000.00 (IQR: 3 000.00-100 000.00) Yuan (RMB) respectively. The annual total costs were 22 306.17 (IQR: 14 581.24-50 569.17), 38 050.33 (IQR: 17 449.57-68 319.62) and 80 152.18 (IQR: 40 856.09-228 460.79) Yuan (RMB) respectively. Results from the multiple linear regression analysis showed that factors as: annual hospitalization days, annual number of outpatient visits, annual number of hospitalization, type of disease and the levels of the hospitals were related to the economic burden of patients with hepatitis C. Conclusion: Patients with HCV-related diseases presented serious economic problem which calls for close attention in Guangdong province.
Adult ; China/epidemiology* ; Cities ; Cost of Illness ; Female ; Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data* ; Hepatitis B/epidemiology* ; Hepatitis C/economics* ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/epidemiology* ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: To investigate the risks of pre-pregnancy overweight, excessive gestational weight gain on macrosomia. Methods: We conducted one hospital-based cohort study, focusing on pregnant women from January 2015. All pregnant women attending to this hospital for maternal check-ups, were included in our cohort and followed to the time of delivery. Data related to general demographic characteristics, pregnancy and health status of those pregnant women, was collected and maternal pre-pregnant BMI and maternal weight gain were calculated. Logistic regression was used to explore the risk difference of pre-pregnancy BMI, excessive gestational weight gain on macrosomia. Results: The overall incidence of macrosomia in our cohort appeared as 6.6% (149/2 243). After adjusting the confounding factors including age and histories on pregnancy, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity was associated with higher risks of macrosomia (OR=3.12, 95%CI: 1.35-7.22, P=0.008; OR=2.99, 95%CI: 1.17-7.63, P=0.022) when comparing to those with normal pre-pregnancy weight. Cesarean delivery and sex of the offspring were associated with higher risk of macrosomia, while excessive gestational weight gain showed no significant difference (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 0.96-2.09, P=0.084). Our data showed that Macrosomia was statistically associated with gestational weight gain (P=0.002). After controlling parameters as age, history of pregnancy and related complications of the pregnant women, results from the logistic regression showed that women with gestational inadequate weight gain having reduced risks to deliver macrosomia, when compared to those pregnant women with adequate weight gain (OR=0.52, 95%CI: 0.30-0.90, P=0.019). Conclusion: Pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity were on higher risks to macrosomia.
Body Mass Index ; Cesarean Section/statistics & numerical data* ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Fetal Macrosomia/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Logistic Models ; Obesity/epidemiology* ; Overweight/epidemiology* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology* ; Prospective Studies ; Weight Gain