By activity-guided fractionation, gliotoxin was isolated as an antibacterial metabolite of the fungus Penicillium decumbens which was derived from the jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai. Gliotoxin was further evaluated for antibacterial activity against several piscine and human MDR (multidrug resistance) pathogens. Gliotoxin showed significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive piscine pathogens such as Streptococcus iniae FP5228, Streptococcus iniae FP3187, Streptococcus parauberis FP3287, Streptococcus parauberis SPOF3K, S. parauberis KSP28, and Lactococcus garvieae FP5245. Gliotoxin showed strong activity especially against S. parauberis SPOF3K and S. iniae FP5228, which are resistant to oxytetracycline. It is noteworthy that gliotoxin effectively suppressed streptococci which are the major pathogens for piscine infection and mortality in aquaculture industry. Gliotoxin also showed strong antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant human pathogens (MDR) including Enterococcus faecium 5270 and MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) 3089.
Aquaculture ; Enterococcus faecium ; Fungi ; Gliotoxin ; Humans ; Lactococcus ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Mortality ; Oxytetracycline ; Penicillium ; Staphylococcus ; Streptococcus

Infectious coryza (IC) is an infectious disease caused by Avibacterium (Av.) paragallinarum. IC is known to cause economic losses in the poultry industry via decreased egg production in layers. Between 2012 and 2013, Av. paragallinarum was isolated from seven chicken farms by Chungbuk National University. We identified Av. paragallinarum, the causative pathogen of IC by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serovar serotype A, by multiplex PCR. Antibiotic sensitivity tests indicated that a few field-isolated strains showed susceptibility to erythromycin, gentamicin, lincomycin, neomycin, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin, and tylosin. A serological survey was conducted to evaluate the number of flocks that were positive for Av. paragallinarum by utilizing a HI test to determine the existence of serovar A. Serological surveys revealed high positivity rates of 86.4% in 2009, 78.9% in 2010, 70.0% in 2011, and 69.6% in 2012. We also challenged specific pathogen-free chickens with isolated domestic strains, ADL121286 and ADL121500, according to the measured efficacy of the commercial IC vaccine, PoulShot Coryza. We confirmed the effectiveness of the vaccine based on relief of clinical signs and a decreased re-isolation rate of ADL121500 strain. Our results indicate IC is currently prevalent in Korea, and that the commercial vaccine is effective at protecting against field strains.
Agriculture ; Chickens* ; Chungcheongbuk-do ; Communicable Diseases ; Erythromycin ; Gentamicins ; Korea ; Lincomycin ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Neomycin ; Ovum ; Oxytetracycline ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Poultry ; Serogroup ; Spectinomycin ; Tylosin

The aim of this study is to develop a synthetic medium suitable for 13C metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA) of Streptomyces rimosus. The cell growth rate and oxytetracycline production by S. rimosus M4018 were compared when M4018 cells were growth on the optimized chemically defined media with organic nitrogen sources or inorganic nitrogen sources. First, a synthetic medium contained KNO3 as the main nitrogen source was screened, then optimized by a response surface method. Using this new medium, the oxytetracycline yield was increased from 75.2 to 145.6 mg/L. Furthermore, based on the 13C-MFA, we identified that Entner-Doudoroff pathway does not exist in S. rimosus cells cultured in a chemically defined medium with feed of 100% 1-13C labeled glucose. This study is helpful for subsequent 13C-MFA application of S. rimosus.
Carbon Isotopes ; analysis ; Culture Media ; chemistry ; Metabolic Flux Analysis ; Nitrogen ; chemistry ; Oxytetracycline ; biosynthesis ; Streptomyces rimosus ; metabolism

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a very powerful instrument that can be used to analyze a wide range of materials such as proteins, peptides, DNA, drugs, and polymers. The process typically involves either chemical or electron (impact) ionization of the analyte. The resulting charged species or fragment is subsequently identified by the detector. Usually, single mass uses source-induced dissociation (SID), whereas mass/mass uses collision-induced dissociation (CID) to analyze the chemical fragmentations Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. While CID is most effective for the analysis of pure substances, multiple-step MS is a powerful technique to get structural data. Analysis of veterinary drugs ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and oxytetracycline serves to highlight the slight differences between SID and CID. For example, minor differences were observed between ciprofloxacin and oxytetracycline via SID or CID. However, distinct fragmentation patterns were observed for ampicllin depending on the analysis method. Both SID and CID showed similar fragmentation spectra but different signal intensities for chloramphenicol. There are several factors that can influence the fragmentation spectra, such as the collision energy, major precursor ion, electrospray mode (positive or negative), and sample homogeneity. Therefore, one must select a fragmentation method on an empirical and case-by-case basis.
Ampicillin ; Chloramphenicol ; Ciprofloxacin ; Dissociative Disorders ; DNA ; Electrons ; Mass Spectrometry ; Oxytetracycline ; Peptides ; Polymers ; Proteins ; Sudden Infant Death ; Veterinary Drugs

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most concerns in pig industry. Escherichia (E.) coli have been used for the indicator to monitor the antimicrobial resistance. In this study, 321 E. coli from diarrheic and non-diarrheic piglets were tested for antimicrobial resistance and frequency of Bla TEM. In non-diarrheic piglets, they were resistant to oxytetracycline (93%), streptomycin (92%) and sulfadiazine (90%) but susceptible to ceftiofur (99%), colistin (97%), and enrofloxacin (82%). The isolates from diarrheic piglets were resistant to enrofloxacin (72.9%), ceftiofur (17.6%), and colistin (11.3%), whereas the resistance was 1%, 18% and 3% in case of non-diarrheic piglets, respectively. The resistance for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (54.1%) and ceftiofur (22%) was high in isolates from post-weaning piglets. The resistance for colistin was 15.2% in nursery piglets. Seventy-three percent of isolates from diarrheic piglets showed high multidrug resistance profile (more than 13 antimicrobials) compared to those from non-diarrheic pigs in which 71% of isolates showed moderate multidrug resistance profile (7 to 12 antimicrobials). The frequency of BlaTEM in E. coli from non-diarrheic and diarrheic piglets was 57% and 69%, respectively. The results might provide the basic knowledge to establish the strategies for treatment and reduce antibiotic resistance of E. coli in piglets.
Cephalosporins ; Colistin ; Diarrhea ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Escherichia ; Escherichia coli ; Fluoroquinolones ; Nurseries ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Oxytetracycline ; Streptomycin ; Sulfadiazine ; Swine

Jeong Jongmyung (1896-?) was born in Seoul and could have 4 years of formal education in a missionary girls' school. She learned Chinese writing, English, Korean, Japanese, History, Geography, and Science there, which was very rare and high education for Korean girls. But she had to quit it for poverty, and married when she was 17. Her marriage was unhappy and her husband died after 3 years. Jeong entered Severance Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1917 to have economic independence. During her training for 3 years, she studied western science and medicine and learned how to cooperate with other working girls. In 1919, Korean launched Samil Independence Movement. Jeong helped other independence activists as a nursing student and her mother had to be in prison for 3 years. After graduation, she entered the Midwifery School of General Hospital of Government General of Korea to have better position than nurse. As soon as she got midwifery license, she opened her own clinic which gave her social respect income, because there were only 25 Korean midwives in Korea. In 1922 Jeong established and became the leader of the Support Group for Working Girl Students. She continuously established and leaded social movement organizations, in 1924, the Korean Association of Nurses and the Women Comrades Society, in 1926 Jeongwoohoe, in 1927 Geunwoohoe and Shinganghoi. From 1923 Jeong got more fame by public speeches. The main contents of them were the women's problem in Korea. As the first Korean woman communist, she analyzed the Korean society and women's problem as a communist and insisted that the women's liberation movement should be gained in class struggle in cooperation with the proletariat. She was very active and aggressive in public lecture, and in everyday lives, Jeong was so warm hearted and eager to help other activists with her energy and income, so others called her their "sister, housemaid, lover, and mother". The Japanese rulers oppressed her by stopping or forbidding her lectures. In 1931 Jeong was prosecuted for the trial of reconstruction of communist party in Korea. She was sentenced to be guilty and had to be in prison until 1935. Even in prison, she helped other prisoners in labor and continued her job as a midwife after discharge. Jeong could not be active as before because of the worse ruling policy than before, but after the liberation in 1945 she went to North Korea and participated in the women's movement.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Female ; Geography ; Heart ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Korea ; Lectures ; Licensure ; Marriage ; Midwifery ; Missions and Missionaries ; Mothers ; Oxytetracycline ; Poverty ; Prisoners ; Prisons ; Self-Help Groups ; Spouses ; Students, Nursing ; Women's Rights ; Writing

Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of pleuropneumonia which is one of the most important respiratory diseases in pigs worldwide. A total of 32 A. pleuropneumoniae isolates from diseased pigs during 2008 to 2010 were serotyped by polymerase chain reaction method. The susceptibility of the isolates to 13 antimicrobial agents were determined by disk diffusion test. In all the 32 isolates examined in this study, serotype 5 (16 isolates: 50%), 1 (7 isolates: 21.9%), 2 (5 isolates: 15.6%) and 12 (1 isolate: 3.1%) were found. Of all tested antimicrobial agents, resistance to oxytetracycline was found in 96.9% of isolates, followed by resistance to amikacin (81.2%), neomycin (68.7%), kanamycin (53.1%), penicillin (50.0%), gentamicin (43.7%), florfenicol (25.0%), ampicillin (18.7%), colistin (9.4%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ceftiofur (8.3%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (3.1%) and enrofloxacin (0%). Oxytetracycline or florfenicol-resistant isolates were examined for the presence of resistance gene. Among the 31 oxytetracycline-resistant isolates, tetB, tetH and tetO genes were detected in 22 (71%), 8 (26%) and 1 (3%) isolates, respectively. The floR genes were detected in 8 (100%) of the 8 florfenicol-resistant A. pleuropneumoniae isolates.
Actinobacillus ; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ; Amikacin ; Ampicillin ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Cephalosporins ; Colistin ; Diffusion ; Fluoroquinolones ; Gentamicins ; Kanamycin ; Korea ; Neomycin ; Oxytetracycline ; Penicillins ; Pleuropneumonia ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Swine ; Thiamphenicol

PURPOSE: The present study evaluated whether oral supplementation with a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) improves the biochemical and amino acid profiles of liver tumor patients undergoing radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: a group given oral supplementation with BCAA granules (LIVACT granules; Samil Pharm Co., Korea, each granule containing L-isoleucine 952 mg, L-leucine 1,904 mg, and L-valine 1,144 mg) during radiotherapy, or a placebo group. Physical and biochemical examinations and measurements, including subjective symptoms, Child-Pugh class, body mass index, plasma albumin concentration, and plasma amino acid profiles were monitored. RESULTS: Fifty were enrolled between November 2005 and November 2006. We also analyzed data from 37 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in order to evaluate a more homogenous group. The two groups of patients were comparable in terms of age, gender, Child-Pugh score, and underlying hepatitis virus type. Serum albumin, total protein, liver enzymes, and cholesterol showed a tendency to increase in the BCAA group. In this group, the percentage of cases that reverted to normal serum albumin levels between 3 and 10 weeks after administration of BCAA was significantly higher (41.18%) than in the placebo group (p=0.043). CONCLUSION: Oral supplementation with a BCAA preparation seems to help HCC patients undergoing radiotherapy by increasing the BCAA concentration.
Amino Acids, Branched-Chain ; Body Mass Index ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Cholesterol ; Hepatitis Viruses ; Humans ; Isoleucine ; Korea ; Leucine ; Liver ; Oxytetracycline ; Plasma ; Serum Albumin ; Valine

PURPOSE: The present study evaluated whether oral supplementation with a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) improves the biochemical and amino acid profiles of liver tumor patients undergoing radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: a group given oral supplementation with BCAA granules (LIVACT granules; Samil Pharm Co., Korea, each granule containing L-isoleucine 952 mg, L-leucine 1,904 mg, and L-valine 1,144 mg) during radiotherapy, or a placebo group. Physical and biochemical examinations and measurements, including subjective symptoms, Child-Pugh class, body mass index, plasma albumin concentration, and plasma amino acid profiles were monitored. RESULTS: Fifty were enrolled between November 2005 and November 2006. We also analyzed data from 37 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in order to evaluate a more homogenous group. The two groups of patients were comparable in terms of age, gender, Child-Pugh score, and underlying hepatitis virus type. Serum albumin, total protein, liver enzymes, and cholesterol showed a tendency to increase in the BCAA group. In this group, the percentage of cases that reverted to normal serum albumin levels between 3 and 10 weeks after administration of BCAA was significantly higher (41.18%) than in the placebo group (p=0.043). CONCLUSION: Oral supplementation with a BCAA preparation seems to help HCC patients undergoing radiotherapy by increasing the BCAA concentration.
Amino Acids, Branched-Chain ; Body Mass Index ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Cholesterol ; Hepatitis Viruses ; Humans ; Isoleucine ; Korea ; Leucine ; Liver ; Oxytetracycline ; Plasma ; Serum Albumin ; Valine

oxytetracycline 1week after the surgery, alizarin red 4 weeks after the surgery, calcein blue 8 weeks after the surgery . The tissue samples were obtained from the sacrificed dogs of 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 weeks after the surgery. Non-decalcified sections were prepared by resin embedding and microsection to find thickness of 10micro for the histologic examination and analysis.RESULTS:1. We could achieve the successful reconstruction of the horizontal bone defect by auto block bone graft. The grafted bone block remained stable morohologically after 16 weeks of the surgery. 2. In the histologic view. We observed osteoid tissue from the sample 4th week sample and active capillary reconstruction in the grafted bone from the 12th week sample. Healing procedures of auto bone grafts were compared to that of the host bone. 3. Bone mineralization could be detected from the 8th week sample. 4. Fluorochrome labeling showed active bony changes and formation at the interface of the host bone and the block graft mainly. Bony activation in the grafted bone could be seen from the 4th week samples.CONCLUSIONS: Active bone formation and remodeling between the grafted bone and host bone can be seen through the revascularization. After the perfect adhesion to host bone, Timing of successful implant installation can be detected through the ideal ridge formation by horizontal ridge augmentation]]>
Animals ; Anthraquinones ; Bone Plates ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Capillaries ; Dogs ; Fluoresceins ; Osteogenesis ; Oxytetracycline ; Transplants