OBJECTIVE: To assess the visualization rate and size of the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) by transabdominal sonography in normal fetuses in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. METHODS: The CSP was prospectively researched and measured using an axial transventricular plane in 308 consecutive uncomplicated singleton pregnancies between 15 and 41 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: The CSP was seen in 42.5% of cases at 15 weeks, 84.78% at 16-17 weeks, 100% at 18-37 weeks and 81.25% at 38-41 weeks. Compared to biparietal diameter (BPD), the visualization rate was 35.29% between 31 and 32 mm, 47.8% between 33 and 34 mm, 84% between 35 and 43 mm, 100% between 44 and 88 mm and 87.5% between 89 and 101 mm. Mean CSP width was 5.5+/-1.7 mm (range 2-9 mm). The CSP width was increased with gestational age and BPD, but with a slight decrease around term. CONCLUSION: In normal fetuses the CSP should always be visualized between 18 and 37 weeks, or with a BPD of 44-88 mm. Failure to observe the CSP in this interval, or possibly the presence of a large CSP, may indicate abnormal cerebral development and warrant further investigation. Conversely, absence of the CSP prior to 18 weeks, or later than 37 weeks, is a normal finding.
Female ; Fetus* ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third* ; Pregnancy* ; Prospective Studies ; Septum Pellucidum*

BACKGROUND: Increasing interest in the use of arterial conduites is based on the better patency of the internal thoracic artery(ITA) than the saphenous vein graft and the hope that other arterial conuits will perform similarly over the long term. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between May 1997 and July 1998, 43 patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with ITA and the radial artery(RA). There were 28 men and 15 women with a mean age of 61.5 years(range, 35 to 78). In 43 patents, 30 bilateral ITA(including 7 diabetes mellitus, 5 more older 70 years), 8 bilateral ITA only, 2 left ITA and both RA, 11 left ITA and left RA and 22 both ITA and left RA were used. RESULT: There was 1 hospital mortality. Of the 42 patients alive, 39 patients are asymptomatic. Postoperative complications were postoperative bleeding in 1 patients, and low cardiac output syndrome in 3. Follow-up angiography was performed in 5 patients after the operation(mean 3 months), and all ITA & RA grafts showed excellent results. CONCLUSION: We conclude that complete arterial revascularization with internal thoracic artery and radial artery is technically feasiale with low mortality and morbidity, and but long term follow-up is needed.
Angiography ; Cardiac Output, Low ; Coronary Artery Bypass* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage ; Hope ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Male ; Mammary Arteries ; Mortality ; Postoperative Complications ; Radial Artery* ; Saphenous Vein ; Transplants

Between August 1996 and August 1997, 22 patients underwent extracardiac Fontan operations. The basic diagnoses included univentricular heart of the right ventricular type (n=12); univentricular heart of the left ventricular type (n=4); tricuspid atresia (n=4); left isomerism, transposition of great arteries, ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis (n=1); and criss-cross heart with uneven ventricle (n=1). The median age of the 14 men and 8 women was 29 months (range from 21 months to 26 years). Previous procedures included bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt (n=15, interval=15.6+/-3.4 months), Kawashima operation (n=4, interval=37.5+/-20 months), and classic Glenn shunt (n=1, interval=14 years). In 2 patients, extracardiac Fontan operations were done without any previous procedures. A 16-to 22-mm flexible Gore-Tex tube graft (n=18), Hemashield graft (n=3), or, alternatively, a nonvalved aortic allograft (n=1) was cut and anastomosed end-to-end between inferior vena cava and undersurface of pulmonary artery using Gore-Tex or Prolene suture in a running fashion. In risk Fontan patients (n=12), a communication between the extracardiac conduit and the right atrium was constructed. In the most 13 recent patients, the procedures were done without cross-clamping of the aorta and with a beating heart. Operative mortality was 9.1% (n=2). Complications included persistent chest tube drainage for more than 7 days (n=5), chorea (n=2), and low cardiac output (n=1). There were no late deaths. Follow-up echocardiogram (mean: 6 months) demonstrated satisfactory hemodynamic results in the surviving 20 patients. Potential advantages of this technique consist of minimization of surgical manipulation of atrial tissue, reduction or elimination of myocardial ischemia, creationof a uniform and stable inferior vena cava-to-pulmonary artery conduit, and increased flexibility and safety in certain high-risk patients such as those with increased pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary hypertension, and impaired ventricular function. Further investigations during a longer follow-up are needed to confirm the intermediate and long-term results, especially the reduction of late atrial arrhythmias.
Allografts ; Aorta ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Arteries ; Cardiac Output, Low ; Chest Tubes ; Chorea ; Crisscross Heart ; Diagnosis ; Drainage ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fontan Procedure* ; Heart ; Heart Atria ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Isomerism ; Male ; Mortality ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Pliability ; Polypropylenes ; Polytetrafluoroethylene ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis ; Running ; Sutures ; Transplants ; Transposition of Great Vessels ; Tricuspid Atresia ; Vascular Resistance ; Vena Cava, Inferior ; Ventricular Function

Recent advances in understanding the anatomy of complete atrioventricular septal defect have led to alternative methods of repairing these defects. Here we report two cases of complete atrioventricular septal defect repair by direct closure of the ventricular element of the defect. Follow-up for average of 3 months suggests that, when direct closure can be performed, the results can be comparable with those of the standard technique. Our initial success with this approach is encouraging; however, longer follow-up and more experiences are required to establish whether it will be broadly applicable.
Follow-Up Studies

Bacterial endocarditis of the native aortic valve is associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite aggressive medical and surgical treatment, especially when perivalvular tissue was invaded and destructed. The pulmonary autograft is full viable and immune compatible tissue. This paper describes successful Ross operation as total root replacement in 38 years old native valve endocarditis patient with aortic root abscess.
Abscess* ; Adult ; Aortic Valve ; Autografts* ; Endocarditis ; Endocarditis, Bacterial ; Humans ; Mortality

Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting without using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a recently accepted modality of myocardial revascularization prcedures which is particularly suitable to the patients with lesions in the left anterior descending (LAD) and the right coronary arteries. Of the consecutive 35 patients of coronary artery bypass grafting performed at Sejong General Hospital from March to August 1996, six patients underwent minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting without CPB. All had stenotic lesions of the LAD more than 90%. Bypass grafting of the LAD was approached through midline sternotomy in one, through ministernotomy in two, and through limited left anterior thoracotomy in three patients, respectively. The internal mammary arteries were prepared without the use of thoracoscope. The mobilized mammary arteries were connected directly to the LAD in 5 patients, and the anastomosis required interposition of a segment of the radial artery in the remaining one. The diagonal branch was revascularized with the saphenous vein graft at the same time in one patient. No blood transfusion was necessary in 2 patients, and average blood required during surgery was 800ml in 4 patients. All patients were extubated from 4 to 14 hours (mean 9 hours) after operation. Early postoperative coronary angiography in 5 patients between 7 and 10 days after surgery has proved full patency of the grafts. With these limited clinical experiences, the clinical results demonstrated that minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting without CPB is an useful procedure especially in patients with isolated lesion in the proximal LAD.
Blood Transfusion ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Bypass* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Mammary Arteries ; Myocardial Revascularization ; Radial Artery ; Saphenous Vein ; Sternotomy ; Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive ; Thoracoscopes ; Thoracotomy ; Transplants

Aortic valve replacement in young patients has its problems. Biologic prosthetic valves degenerate and need replacement. Metalic prosthetic valves are more durable, however, anticoagulation which has its inherent problems is inevitable. The use of Ross procedure in young patients is gaining wider acceptance. The need of foreign pulmonary valve in right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) will require reoperation due to RVOT obstruction, later. To overcome this problem, we reimplanted the native aortic valve in the pulmonary position in 21 year old female patient operated on utilizing the Ross procedure for aortic insufficiency. We experienced that the diseased aortic valve worked well in the pulmoanry position because of low pulmonary artery pressure and resistance.
Aortic Valve* ; Female ; Humans ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Valve* ; Reoperation ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Young Adult

From March, 1992 to March, 1996, a total of 279 patients underwent coronary bypass surgery at the Sejong General Hospital, Puchon. We selected 22 patients with severe left ventricular(LV) dysfunction from them. The criteria were the presence of global or segmental abnormalities of left ventricular contraction and LV ejection fraction(EF) less than 35% based on biplane LV angiography by planimetry method. The mean age of 17 male and 5 female patients was 60+/-5.6years(range:47~73 years). All had the anginas, which were Canadian class II in 6, class III in 12 and class IV in 4. All patients except one had the history of previous myocardial infarction more than once. Seven of them had the symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure, such as dyspnea on excertion and increased pulmonary vascular markings. Their mean LVEF was 29.4+/-4 5%(range : 18~35%) and mean LV end-diastolic pressure was 18.7 +/-8. 2mmHg(range:10~42mmHg). 21 patients had 3 vessel-disease and 1 had 2 vessel-disease. Complete revascularization was tried with the use of 16 internal mammary arteries and 60 sapheuous veins and 3 radial arteries grafts. The mean number of distal anastomosis was 3.5+/-1.1. Concomitantly, one mitral valvuloplasty and annuloplasty was performed in the patient with moderate mitral regurtigation. The hospital mortality was 4.5%. During the follow-up, there were 3 late deaths. Of 18 survivors, 2 patients were lost in follow-up 24 and 27 month respectively after operation and the remaining 16 patients have bcen followed up with an average of 30.4 +/-13.4 months.15 patients had improvement with respect to angina but 8 patients still have the continuing or progressing heart failure. The 1-year, 2-year and 3-year actuarial survival rate was 85.2, 69.1, 46.1%, respectively. This study indicates that coronary artery bypass sur ery can be performed in the patients with severe LV dysfunction at acceptable risk but does not greatly contribute to the improvement of congestive heart failure.
Angiography ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gyeonggi-do ; Heart Failure ; Hospital Mortality ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Male ; Mammary Arteries ; Myocardial Infarction ; Radial Artery ; Survival Rate ; Survivors ; Transplants ; Veins ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left*

Congenital tracheal stenosis is very rare, but it leads to life threatening obstruction in infancy and childhood. Recently, we experienced two cases of congenital tracheal stenosis, involving half of the distal trachea. We adopted slide tracheoplasty procedure proposed by Peter Goldstraw. Tracheoplasty was performed by dividing the stenosis at midpoint, incising the proximal and distal narrow segments vertically on opposite anterior and posterior surfaces, and sliding these together. On case 1, the patient is now doing well. On case 2, the patient succumbed due to anastomotic disruption at postoperative day 4.
Constriction, Pathologic ; Humans ; Trachea ; Tracheal Stenosis*