Since it was first recognized in bacteria and archaea as a mechanism for innate viral immunity in the early 2010s, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) has rapidly been developed into a robust, multifunctional genome editing tool with many uses. Following the discovery of the initial CRISPR/Cas-based system, the technology has been advanced to facilitate a multitude of different functions. These include development as a base editor, prime editor, epigenetic editor, and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activator (CRISPRa) gene regulators. It can also be used for chromatin and RNA targeting and imaging. Its applications have proved revolutionary across numerous biological fields, especially in biomedical and agricultural improvement. As a diagnostic tool, CRISPR has been developed to aid the detection and screening of both human and plant diseases, and has even been applied during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. CRISPR/Cas is also being trialed as a new form of gene therapy for treating various human diseases, including cancers, and has aided drug development. In terms of agricultural breeding, precise targeting of biological pathways via CRISPR/Cas has been key to regulating molecular biosynthesis and allowing modification of proteins, starch, oil, and other functional components for crop improvement. Adding to this, CRISPR/Cas has been shown capable of significantly enhancing both plant tolerance to environmental stresses and overall crop yield via the targeting of various agronomically important gene regulators. Looking to the future, increasing the efficiency and precision of CRISPR/Cas delivery systems and limiting off-target activity are two major challenges for wider application of the technology. This review provides an in-depth overview of current CRISPR development, including the advantages and disadvantages of the technology, recent applications, and future considerations.
CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics* ; Gene Editing/methods* ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Nobel Prize ; Plant Breeding

Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control* ; Humans ; Nobel Prize ; Sensation ; TRPV Cation Channels

No abstract available.
Nobel Prize ; Physiology

Many medical journals from Korea have advanced to the international level since 1996. This study aims to present the current status of Korean medical journals in scholarly literature databases and to suggest strategies for further development. This study focused on the 261 member journals of the Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors (KAMJE). In 2018, 29 journals from Korea were indexed in Medline, of which 22 were KAMJE journals. Since 2008, Korean medical journals have been deposited in PubMed Central. As of 2018, the number of journals deposited in PubMed Central has soared to 116, including 103 KAMJE journals. Ninety KAMJE journals were indexed in Scopus. The average 2017 impact factor of the 40 Science Citation Index Expanded-indexed KAMJE journals was 2.17. Furthermore, 35 journals have been indexed in the Emerging Sources Citation Index. To promote more medical journals to the international level, the following strategies are suggested: first, recruiting high-quality manuscripts with meticulous review and editing; and second, adopting digital standards of scholarly publishing, including full-text XML, to broaden accessibility. Medical journals from Korea have experienced tremendous success in terms of indexing in international literature databases. To promote journals to the highest level, physicians and researchers should be able to read, submit, cite and use the journal articles in a straightforward and diligent manner. With appropriate development strategies, it may be possible for a Nobel Prize to be awarded based on research published in medical journals in Korea in the near future.
Abstracting and Indexing as Topic ; Awards and Prizes ; Korea ; Nobel Prize ; Republic of Korea

Animals ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Insulin ; history ; Nobel Prize ; Ontario ; Philately

China ; Humans ; Medicine ; Nobel Prize

Endocrinology ; history ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Nobel Prize ; Philately ; history ; Physiology ; history

Artemisinins ; pharmacology ; Drug Discovery ; Humans ; Nobel Prize

Austria ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Nobel Prize ; Philately ; Physiology ; history ; Prisoners ; Sweden ; World War I

The olfactory epithelium is the main end organ for the sense of smell in humans and vertebrates. Specially differenciated neuronal cells called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) play a key role in the olfactory epithelium by expressing the olfactory receptors (ORs) on their apical surface membrane. The ORs are G-protein coupled receptors that transmit signals from odorants to ORNs by molecular cascades using cyclic adenosine monophosphate, calcium ions and other molecules, which result in the depolarization of ORN. Unlike other mammalian animals, only about 30% of OR genes in the human genome are expressed. The Nobel Prize was awarded to the scientists who cloned these ORs for the first time. Each ORN expresses only a single type of OR, and ORNs which express the same type of OR converge together into the same glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. A single OR recognizes multiple odorants, and a single odorant is recognized by multiple ORs with varying affinities. At the higher neurons beyond the bulb, neuronal connections are divergent. The combinatorial model of odor identification and discrimination is well established at the convergence level, but little is known about the action mechanisms of neuronal divergence for odor identification and discrimination and further study is required.
Adenosine Monophosphate ; Animals ; Awards and Prizes ; Calcium ; Clone Cells ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Genome, Human ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; Humans ; Ions ; Membranes ; Neurons ; Nobel Prize ; Odors ; Olfactory Bulb ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Olfactory Pathways ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons ; Receptors, Odorant ; Smell* ; Vertebrates