The pharmaceutical research sector is highly interested in oral gastro-retentive dose formulations. The significance of gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) has grown as these systems enhance patient compliance and improve the therapeutic indices of medications. Various technical advancements in the design and production of gastro-retentive dosage forms can overcome physiological limitations, such as short gastric retention time and fluctuations in stomach emptying. Medications with shorter half-lives, instability or poor solubility at alkaline pH, or inadequate absorption in the lower gastrointestinal tract can greatly benefit from GRDDS. To achieve the desired retention period and release pattern, these systems can be developed using a range of innovative methods, including magnetic, bioadhesive, expandable, and floating systems. The use of GRDDS for oral drug administration has significantly increased in recent years, with innovative design strategies—such as the widely used floating drug delivery system—playing a major role. GRDDS offer several advantages, including the ability to provide drugs with a narrow absorption window, improved pharmacological effects, reduced dosing frequency, enhanced bioavailability, and prolonged drug residence in the stomach for local effects such as the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. This study provides a brief introduction to gastro-retentive drug delivery, covering its necessity, advantages, disadvantages, influencing factors, approaches, and applications.

A 5-month-old male child was admitted with cough and fever, during which excessive bleeding occurred from a venipuncture site. Born from a third-degree consanguineous marriage, the child was developmentally normal. Routine blood tests showed a slightly elevated white blood cell count due to infection, while coagulation studies revealed prolonged PT and APTT. A mixing study indicated no inhibitors.Advanced testing showed normal levels of fibrinogen and factor VIII, but a significantly low factor V level (2.2%), indicating moderate factor V deficiency. The child received fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions as needed and has been thriving with regular follow-ups. Genetic counseling was provided to the parents, who also had abnormal coagulation profiles but no bleeding tendencies. Genetic testing was offered but not pursued due to financial constraints. This case highlights the importance of awareness of inherited bleeding disorders in consanguineous families and the need for supportive management and counseling.

A 5-month-old male child was admitted with cough and fever, during which excessive bleeding occurred from a venipuncture site. Born from a third-degree consanguineous marriage, the child was developmentally normal. Routine blood tests showed a slightly elevated white blood cell count due to infection, while coagulation studies revealed prolonged PT and APTT. A mixing study indicated no inhibitors.Advanced testing showed normal levels of fibrinogen and factor VIII, but a significantly low factor V level (2.2%), indicating moderate factor V deficiency. The child received fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions as needed and has been thriving with regular follow-ups. Genetic counseling was provided to the parents, who also had abnormal coagulation profiles but no bleeding tendencies. Genetic testing was offered but not pursued due to financial constraints. This case highlights the importance of awareness of inherited bleeding disorders in consanguineous families and the need for supportive management and counseling.

A 5-month-old male child was admitted with cough and fever, during which excessive bleeding occurred from a venipuncture site. Born from a third-degree consanguineous marriage, the child was developmentally normal. Routine blood tests showed a slightly elevated white blood cell count due to infection, while coagulation studies revealed prolonged PT and APTT. A mixing study indicated no inhibitors.Advanced testing showed normal levels of fibrinogen and factor VIII, but a significantly low factor V level (2.2%), indicating moderate factor V deficiency. The child received fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions as needed and has been thriving with regular follow-ups. Genetic counseling was provided to the parents, who also had abnormal coagulation profiles but no bleeding tendencies. Genetic testing was offered but not pursued due to financial constraints. This case highlights the importance of awareness of inherited bleeding disorders in consanguineous families and the need for supportive management and counseling.

The pharmaceutical research sector is highly interested in oral gastro-retentive dose formulations. The significance of gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) has grown as these systems enhance patient compliance and improve the therapeutic indices of medications. Various technical advancements in the design and production of gastro-retentive dosage forms can overcome physiological limitations, such as short gastric retention time and fluctuations in stomach emptying. Medications with shorter half-lives, instability or poor solubility at alkaline pH, or inadequate absorption in the lower gastrointestinal tract can greatly benefit from GRDDS. To achieve the desired retention period and release pattern, these systems can be developed using a range of innovative methods, including magnetic, bioadhesive, expandable, and floating systems. The use of GRDDS for oral drug administration has significantly increased in recent years, with innovative design strategies—such as the widely used floating drug delivery system—playing a major role. GRDDS offer several advantages, including the ability to provide drugs with a narrow absorption window, improved pharmacological effects, reduced dosing frequency, enhanced bioavailability, and prolonged drug residence in the stomach for local effects such as the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. This study provides a brief introduction to gastro-retentive drug delivery, covering its necessity, advantages, disadvantages, influencing factors, approaches, and applications.

A 5-month-old male child was admitted with cough and fever, during which excessive bleeding occurred from a venipuncture site. Born from a third-degree consanguineous marriage, the child was developmentally normal. Routine blood tests showed a slightly elevated white blood cell count due to infection, while coagulation studies revealed prolonged PT and APTT. A mixing study indicated no inhibitors.Advanced testing showed normal levels of fibrinogen and factor VIII, but a significantly low factor V level (2.2%), indicating moderate factor V deficiency. The child received fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions as needed and has been thriving with regular follow-ups. Genetic counseling was provided to the parents, who also had abnormal coagulation profiles but no bleeding tendencies. Genetic testing was offered but not pursued due to financial constraints. This case highlights the importance of awareness of inherited bleeding disorders in consanguineous families and the need for supportive management and counseling.

The pharmaceutical research sector is highly interested in oral gastro-retentive dose formulations. The significance of gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) has grown as these systems enhance patient compliance and improve the therapeutic indices of medications. Various technical advancements in the design and production of gastro-retentive dosage forms can overcome physiological limitations, such as short gastric retention time and fluctuations in stomach emptying. Medications with shorter half-lives, instability or poor solubility at alkaline pH, or inadequate absorption in the lower gastrointestinal tract can greatly benefit from GRDDS. To achieve the desired retention period and release pattern, these systems can be developed using a range of innovative methods, including magnetic, bioadhesive, expandable, and floating systems. The use of GRDDS for oral drug administration has significantly increased in recent years, with innovative design strategies—such as the widely used floating drug delivery system—playing a major role. GRDDS offer several advantages, including the ability to provide drugs with a narrow absorption window, improved pharmacological effects, reduced dosing frequency, enhanced bioavailability, and prolonged drug residence in the stomach for local effects such as the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. This study provides a brief introduction to gastro-retentive drug delivery, covering its necessity, advantages, disadvantages, influencing factors, approaches, and applications.

Objectives: Post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms were widely reported.However, data on post-COVID-19 conditions following infection with the Omicron variant remained scarce. This prospective study was conducted to understand the prevalence, patterns, and duration of symptoms in patients who had recovered from COVID-19. Methods: A prospective study was conducted across 11 districts of Delhi, India, among individuals who had recovered from COVID-19. Study participants were enrolled, and then returned for post-recovery follow-up at 3 months and 6 months interval. Results The mean age of study participants was 42.07 years, with a standard deviation of 14.89 years. The majority of the participants (79.7%) reported experiencing post-COVID-19 symptoms. The most common symptoms included joint pain (36.0%), persistent dry cough (35.7%), anxiety (28.4%), and shortness of breath (27.1%). Other symptoms were persistent fatigue (21.6%), persistent headache (20.0%), forgetfulness (19.7%), and limb weakness (18.6%). The longest duration of symptom was observed to be anxiety (138.75±54.14 days), followed by fatigue (137.57±48.33 days), shortness of breath (131.89±60.21 days), and joint pain/swelling (131.59±58.76 days). At the first follow-up visit, 2.2% of participants presented with abnormal electrocardiogram readings, but no abnormalities were noticed during the second follow-up. Additionally, 4.06% of participants exhibited abnormal chest X-ray findings at the first follow-up, which decreased to 2.16% by the second visit. Conclusion: The most frequently reported post-COVID-19 symptoms were joint pain, dry cough, anxiety and shortness of breath. These clinical symptoms persisted for up to 6 months, with evidence of multi-system involvement. Consequently, findings highlighted the need for long-term follow-up during the post-COVID-19 period.

Methods: The study included 60 patients graded American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II and scheduled for thoracolumbar spine surgery involving >3 vertebral levels. The patients were divided into two groups: group KD (ketodex) and group F (fentanyl). The primary objective was to compare the postoperative analgesic requirements among the groups. The secondary objectives included a comparison of the intraoperative anesthetic requirements, postoperative pain scores, hemodynamic parameters, side effects of the study drugs, and the duration of post-anesthesia care unit stay of both the groups. Results: Ketodex use prolonged the mean time to first rescue analgesia (22.00±2.30 hours vs. 11.69±3.02 hours, p <0.001) and reduced the requirement of rescue analgesics in the first 24 hours postoperatively compared to fentanyl use (70.00±8.16 μg vs. 113.31±36.65 μg, p =0.03). The intraoperative requirement of desflurane was comparable between the groups (p >0.05). The postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in the group KD than in group F at most timepoints (p <0.05). Patients in group KD had a shorter post-anesthesia care unit stay than group F did (p <0.001). Conclusions Low-dose ketodex could be a safe substitute for fentanyl infusion when employed as an anesthetic adjuvant for patients undergoing thoracolumbar spine surgeries involving >3 vertebral levels to achieve prolonged analgesia without any opioidrelated side effects.