Objective:To explore whether botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) can improve the retention rate of fat transplantation in fat breast augmentation.Methods:Each patient was divided into control side and experimental side according to the random number table in 14 patients studied. The experimental group received autologous fat and BTX-A combined transplantation on both sides of the breast, while the control side only received autologous fat transplantation. The fat was added with the same volume of normal saline as BTX-A in the control group. All patients were followed up and the effects of BTX-A were evaluated objectively via the comparison of the remained bilateral fat graft volumes that were obtained through a digital three-dimensional reconstructions technique. Moreover, the improvement of each breast appearance and complication were assessed by the physician and patients who were blinded to the recipient treatment assignment.Results:The outcome of the fat breast augmentation was evident for both groups at the follow-up with no evidence of fat embolism, vascular/nervous injury, infection and prolonged bruising. In one of the 14 patients (control group), fat liquefaction necrosis occurred in one side of the breast; after active treatment, it returned to normal, and three patients had different degrees of mass. The analysis on the three-dimensional reconstruction data and the assessments from both the physicians and patients showed significant differences in the fat graft retention volume between the BTX-A group (51.10±20.56)% and the control group (33.06±14.77)%. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two sides.Conclusions:Autogenous fat breast augmentation is safe and effective. This study result has shown that BTX-A can significantly improve the retention rate of fat transplantation but cannot reduce the incidence of complications.

Objective:To research the best processing method for Bupleurum chinense DC.by orthogonal tests.Methods:With the contents of saikosaponin a and saikosaponin d as the indices,the L9(34) orthogonal table was used to study three factors including the amount of wheat bran,pot temperature before heating and processing time.The orthogonal design was applied to study the processing technology of Bupleurum chinense DC.fried with wheat bran.Results:The best processing method was as follows:100 g Bupleurum chinense DC.was mixed with 10 g wheat bran and fried at 290 ℃ for 80 seconds.Conclusion:The optimized processing technology is reasonable,reliable and highly reproducible,which provide reference for the processing of Bupleurum chinense DC.with wheat bran.

BACKGROUNDGlobally, the proportion of child deaths that occur in the neonatal period remains a high level of 37-41%. Differences of cause in neonate death exist in different regions as well as in different economic development countries. The specific aim of this study was to investigate the causes, characteristics, and differences of death in neonates during hospitalization in the tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of China.

METHODSAll the dead neonates admitted to 26 NICUs were included between January l, 2011, and December 31, 2011. All the data were collected retrospectively from clinical records by a designed questionnaire. Data collected from each NICU were delivered to the leading institution where the results were analyzed.

RESULTSA total of 744 newborns died during the 1-year survey, accounting for 1.2% of all the neonates admitted to 26 NICUs and 37.6% of all the deaths in children under 5 years of age in these hospitals. Preterm neonate death accounted for 59.3% of all the death. The leading causes of death in preterm and term infants were pulmonary disease and infection, respectively. In early neonate period, pulmonary diseases (56.5%) occupied the largest proportion of preterm deaths while infection (27%) and neurologic diseases (22%) were the two main causes of term deaths. In late neonate period, infection was the leading cause of both preterm and term neonate deaths. About two-thirds of neonate death occurred after medical care withdrawal. Of the cases who might survive if receiving continuing treatment, parents' concern about the long-term outcomes was the main reason of medical care withdrawal.

CONCLUSIONSNeonate death still accounts for a high proportion of all the deaths in children under 5 years of age. Our study showed the majority of neonate death occurred in preterm infants. Cause of death varied with the age of death and gestational age. Accurate and prompt evaluation of the long-term outcomes should be carried out to guide the critical decision.

Cause of Death ; China ; Female ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; mortality ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Perinatal Death ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of crystallization inhibition by cellulose polymers against supersaturated drugs. METHODS: The biopharmaceutics classification system(BCS) II class drug indometacin was selected as the model drug.Supersaturated amorphous drug solid was prepared and the solubility of indometacin was measured. The types, added amounts, ionic intensity and viscosity of cellulose polymers were employed as influential factors to assess the crystallization inhibition effect of polymers against indometacin. RESULTS: HPMC E15 displayed the strongest crystallization inhibition effect. The crystallization inhibition was enhanced by adding larger amount of polymers, decreasing the viscosity of polymers and increasing the ionic intensity. CONCLUSION: The study is helpful to clarify the profiles that cellulose polymers inhibit the crystallization of drugs in supersaturated states. This research may provide scientific guide for the practical application of cellulose polymers for drug crystallization.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare curcumin solid dispersions by different preparation technologies and compare their properties. METHODS: Curcumin/poloxamer 407 solid dispersions were prepared by freeze-drying, co-precipitation and microwave/quench cooling methods, respectively. Internal properties of obtained solid dispersion were analyzed by SEM, DSC, XRD and FT-IR. The improvement effect on the insolubility of curcumin by making it into solid dispersions by different technologies was characterized by dissolution and solubility experiments. RESULTS: Curcumin was dispersed in solid dispersions in micro-crystal form. Compared with other technologies, microwave/quench cooling method could significantly improve the solubility and dissolution of insoluble curcumin. CONCLUSION: The study provides reference for choice of applicable production technology for solid dispersions of insoluble Chinese traditional medicine curcumin.

This study aims to explore the characteristics of crystallization inhibition by cellulose polymers at the supersaturated states of drugs. The study was performed by simulating supersaturated process and preparing supersaturated drug solid, and was carried out by measuring the content of drugs at different time points using dissolution apparatus. The types, amounts, ionic intensity and viscosity of cellulose polymers were examined to assess the crystallization inhibition effect on BCS II class drug indomethacin. HPMC E15 exhibited the strongest crystallization inhibition effect. The more added, more obvious crystallization suppression was observed against indomethacin. The decrease in viscosity and increase in ionic intensity led to an enhanced inhibition. The research provides a scientific guide for the crystallization inhibition of supersaturated drug by cellulose polymers.

OBJECTIVEConsidering the difficulty in classifying some cases with eye trauma by Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT) in our epidemiological study, we introduce a new classification for epidemiological study of mechanical eye injuries based on BETT.

METHODSA retrospective investigation was carried out in 31 hospitals from January 2005 to December 2010. All medical records of inpatients with eye injuries were reviewed. A total of 10 718 patients (11 227 eyes) were diagnosed as mechanical eye injuries. All mechanical eye injuries were tried to be classified using BETT. While some eye injuries were difficult to categorize. We recorded the injury type and case number. A new classification based on BETT was also used for the same project.

RESULTSOf 10 718 patients (11 227 eyes) with mechanical eye injuries, the following cases cannot be classified by BETT: 1 488 patients (1 559 eyes) with merely orbital or ocular adnexa injury, 1 961 (2 054) globe injuries associated with orbital or ocular adnexa injury, 271 (284) ocular surface foreign body (OSFB) or ocular wall foreign body (OWFB), 77 (89) contusion, 9 (11) lamellar laceration associated with OSFB or OWFB, 29 (30) rupture associated with OSFB, OWFB or intraocular foreign body and 60 (62) lace- ration associated with OSFB or OWFB. While according to our new classification, all eye injuries can be categorized without any difficulty.

CONCLUSIONDifficulty in classifying some eye injuries in epidemiological study by BETT brings some trouble to our study, which can be solved by our new eye injury classification to some extent. It is hoped that other ophthalmologists present better ones to make the classification more perfect.

Adolescent ; Eye Injuries ; classification ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

Microwaves can be directly transformed into heat inside materials because of their ability of penetrating into any substance. The degree that materials are heated depends on their dielectric properties. Materials with high dielectric loss are more easily to reach a resonant state by microwaves field, then microwaves can be absorbed efficiently. Microwave irradiation technique with the unique heating mechanisms could induce drug-polymer interaction and change the properties of dissolution. Many benefits such as improving product quality, increasing energy efficiency and reducing times can be obtained by microwaves. This paper summarized characteristics of the microwave irradiation technique, new preparation techniques and formulation process in pharmaceutical industry by microwave irradiation technology. The microwave technology provides a new clue for heating and drying in the field of pharmaceutics.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Drug Discovery ; instrumentation ; methods ; Microwaves ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

Converting two poorly water-soluble crystalline drugs to co-amorphous drug systems by ball milling, quench-cooling, or cryo-milling method can improve stability of the drug, enhance dissolution rates, and reduce adverse reactions of the single drug. Co-amorphous system has been used to solve problems of co-administration of medicines. Formation and intermolecular interactions of co-amorphous drug systems may be verified by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Stability of co-amorphous drug systems is influenced by their glass transition temperature (Tg) and intermolecular interactions. The theoretical Tg values and the interaction parameter x are calculated by Gordon-Taylor equation and the Flory-Huggins equation, respectively. Thus, co-amorphous drug systems are analyzed theoretically at molecular level. Co-amorphous drug systems provide a new sight for the co-administration of medicines.
Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Cimetidine ; chemistry ; Drug Combinations ; Drug Compounding ; Drug Stability ; Glipizide ; chemistry ; Indomethacin ; chemistry ; Naproxen ; chemistry ; Ranitidine ; chemistry ; Simvastatin ; chemistry ; Solubility ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Temperature ; X-Ray Diffraction

Adolescent ; Brain Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Melanoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Melanoma-Specific Antigens ; metabolism ; Neurilemmoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; S100 Proteins ; metabolism ; Vimentin ; metabolism