Bilateral vestibulopathy（BVP） is one of the common diseases in the vestibular nervous system, with an incidence rate of about 4%-7% in the population, which can lead to a variety of body dysfunctions. At present, there are two main treatment methods for BVP. One is vestibular rehabilitation. However, only part of BVP patients can finally benefit from vestibular rehabilitation, and most patients will remain with permanent vestibular dysfunction. Benefiting from the maturity of cochlear implant technology, European and American countries took the lead in the development of vestibular prosthesis（VP） technology to restore the vestibular function in patients with BVP. This review will focus on the development history, principles, future applications and the related research progress of VP in China.
Humans ; Bilateral Vestibulopathy/therapy* ; Cochlear Implants ; Vestibule, Labyrinth ; Cochlear Implantation ; China

Humans ; Cochlear Implants ; Cochlear Implantation ; Vestibule, Labyrinth ; Vestibular Function Tests ; Vestibular Diseases

Adult ; Humans ; Cochlear Implants ; Music ; Cochlear Implantation ; Perception

Humans ; Auditory Pathways ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; Cochlear Implantation ; Cochlear Implants ; Hearing Loss, Central ; Auditory Threshold ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the responsiveness of cochlear nerve to electrical stimulation in patients with cochlear nerve deficiency(CND), to compare their results with those measured in implanted children with normal-sized cochlear nerves, and to investigate the characteristics of the cochlear nerve injury of children with CND. Methods: Participants were children who underwent cochlear implantation at Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital from January 2012 to January 2020, including CND group and control group. The CND group included 51 subjects (male:20; female: 31) who were diagnosed with CND and had normal cochlea. For the CND group, four children had been bilaterally implanted, the mean implantation age was (2.7±1.5) years old. The control group included 21 subjects (male:10; femal:11) who had normal-sized cochlear nerve and normal cochlea. For the control group, all children had been unilaterally implanted except one, and the mean implantation age was (3.0±1.9)years old. Three subjects in the CND group used CI422 electrode arrays, and all the other subjects used CI24RECA/CI512 electrode arrays. The electrically evoked compound action potentials (ECAP) had been tried to record for each electrode using Custom Sound EP software (v. 4.3, Cochlear Ltd.) at least six months post first activation. Furthermore, ECAP amplitude growth functions (AGF) were measured at multiple electrode locations across the electrode array. Generalized linear mixed effect models with the subject group and electrode location as the fixed effects and subjects as the random effect were used to compare results of ECAP measurements. Results: In the control group, ECAP could been recorded at all electrodes (100%), but it could only be recorded in 71% (859/1 210) electrodes in the CND group. Additionally, the percentage of electrodes with measurable ECAP decreased from electrode 1 to electrode 22 in the CND group. Compared to the control group, the ECAP thresholds significantly increased, the ECAP amplitudes and AGF slopes significantly decreased, and the ECAP latency significantly increased in the CND group (P<0.01). GLMM showed that the stimulating site had a significant effect on the ECAP threshold, maximum amplitude, and AGF slope (P<0.01), but had no significant effect on the ECAP latency (P>0.05) in the CND group. However, the stimulating site had no significant effects on the ECAP measurements in the control group. Furthermore, the functional status of cochlear nerve varied greatly among CND group. From electrode 1 to electrode 22, the ECAP thresholds gradually increased, the ECAP maximum amplitudes and AGF slopes gradually decreased in the CND group. Conclusion: Compared with patients with normal-sized cochlear nerve, not only the number of residual spinal ganglion neurons reduce,but also the function of spinal ganglion neurons damages in CND patients. The degree of cochlea nerve deterioration varies greatly among CND patients. Generally, the deterioration of cochlear nerve tends to increase from the basal to the apical site of the cochlea.
Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Cochlea ; Cochlear Implantation/methods* ; Cochlear Implants ; Cochlear Nerve ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory/physiology*

Electrode array misplacement is a rare complication of cochlear implant. This article reports an 11-year-old boy who was mistakenly implanted the cochlear electrode array into the superior semicircular canal during the initial cochlear implant. After the diagnosis was confirmed, he underwent a second cochlear implant and the electrode array were successfully implanted into the cochlea. This article conducted a systematic review of the literature on electrode array misplacement, and the causes of electrode array misplacement were analyzed from different implantation position.
Male ; Humans ; Child ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Reoperation ; Cochlea ; Cochlear Implantation ; Cochlear Implants/adverse effects* ; Semicircular Canals/surgery*

Objective:To report the experience of using CT-guided cochlear implant surgery in difficult cases such as severe inner ear deformities and anatomical abnormalities, and to discuss the application value of intraoperative CT-assisted localization in difficult cases of cochlear implant surgery. Methods:Retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 23 cases of difficult cochlear implant surgery cases completed by our team with the assistance of intraoperative CT, and collected their medical data, including preoperative imaging manifestations, surgical conditions, and intraoperative imaging images for evaluation. Results:During the study period, 23 difficult cases（27 ears） underwent cochlear implantation under the guidance of intraoperative CT, and 4 cases were bilaterally implanted. Including 6 cases of incomplete segmentation type Ⅰ（IP-Ⅰ）, 1 case of incomplete segmentation type Ⅱ（IP-Ⅱ）, 10 cases of incomplete segmentation type Ⅲ（IP-Ⅲ）, 3 cases of common cavity deformity（CC） and 3 cases of cochlear ossification after meningitis. Facial nerve anatomy was abnormal in 9 cases, cerebrospinal fluid "blowout" was serious in 14 cases, electrode position was abnormal in 3 cases requiring intraoperative adjustment of electrode position, anatomical difficulties required intraoperative CT to assist in finding anatomical landmarks in 2 cases, and electrodes were not fully implanted in 3 cases. Conclusion:When faced with difficult cases with challenging and complex temporal bone anatomy, intraoperative CT can accurately evaluate the electrode position and provide intraoperative anatomical details, allowing immediate adjustment of the electrode position if necessary, providing safety guarantee for difficult cases of cochlear implant surgery and ensure accurate implantation of electrodes.
Humans ; Cochlear Implantation/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods* ; Cochlea ; Cochlear Implants

Objective:The auditory and speech rehabilitation effects were assessed by the Categories of Auditory Performance（CAP） and the speech intelligibility rating scale（SIR） after cochlear implantation（CI） in prelingually elderly patients by telephone follow-up or face-to-face conversation. Methods:The clinical data of the prelingually deaf patients who underwent unilateral CI in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Shanxi People's Hospital, from December 2016 to December 2021 were collected. Thirty-eight patients were divided into Group A（SIR 1, 17 cases）, Group B（SIR 2, 10 cases） and Group C（SIR 3, 11 cases） according to the preoperative SIR Score. Nineteen patients with post-lingual hearing impairment were selected as the control group（Group D, 19 cases）. The effects of hearing and speech rehabilitation were evaluated using CAP and SIR Scores before surgery, 6 months after startup, and 1 year after startup. Results:There were no significant differences in CAP scores among the three groups of patients with prelingually deaf patients at 6 months and 1 year after startup（P>0.05）, but there were significant differences between group A and group D at 6 months and 1 year after startup（P<0.05）; the SIR Score of group A had statistical difference before surgery and 6 months after startup（P<0.05）, group B had statistical difference before surgery and 1 year after startup（P<0.05）, and group C and D had no statistical difference before surgery and 6 months and 1 year after startup, respectively（P>0.05）. Conclusion:For the prelingually deaf elderly patients, hearing will develop rapidly 6 months after startup, and the effect of postoperative auditory rehabilitation was positively correlated with the preoperative speech ability. In the aspect of speech, the prelingually dear elderly patients who have poor preoperative speech ability could benefit more from CI early after surgery. CI is not contraindicated in prelingually deaf elderly patients, even those with poor preoperative speech function.
Humans ; Aged ; Cochlear Implantation/methods* ; Cochlear Implants ; Speech Perception ; Deafness/rehabilitation* ; Hearing Tests ; Speech Intelligibility ; Treatment Outcome

Objective: To investigate whether pre-lingual deafness adult caused by inadequate auditory compensation in childhood can benefit from cochlear implants and the related influencing factors. Methods: A total of 26 prelingual deafness as experimental group [11 males and 15 females, the age of operation was (24.5±5.7) years] and 13 postlingual deafness as control group [5 males and 8 females, the age at the time of operation was (42.2±11.4) years] were recruited. Objective assessment included hearing threshold and speech recognition rate tests while wearing cochlear implants. Subjective assessment used Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire to assess hearing-related quality of life of subjects. The changes of hearing ability in the prelingual deafness group before and after operation and the differences with the postlingual deafness group were compared, and the correlation between speech recognition ability and the age diagnosed as severe or profound deafness, the age of hearing aid invalid, and duration of wearing cochlear implant were analyzed as factor indicators. All statistical results were analyzed by SAS 9.4 software. Results: In terms of objective indicators, the speech recognition rate of pre-lingual deafness was significantly lower than that of post-lingual deafness [(35.4±28.0)% vs (80.9±8.0)%,t=7.67, P<0.001], while there was no statistical difference in hearing threshold between the two groups [(34.8±4.0) dB HL vs (33.1±3.7) dB HL, t=1.30, P>0.05]. The indicators in the subjective questionnaire showed that the prelingual deafness group was only weaker in advanced sound perception, confidence and total mean score than the post-lingual deafness group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in other aspects(P>0.05), meanwhile, all indicators of the prelingual deafness group were significantly improved compared with the preoperative level (P<0.001). There was a moderate positive correlation between the hearing quality and the speech recognition rate in the prelingual deafness group(r=0.51, P=0.008). The regression analysis showed that the invalid age of hearing aid was the exact influencing factor of speech recognition rate. Conclusions: Certain prelingual deaf adults can adapt to cochlear implants and obtain different degrees of auditory assistance. Compared with the improvement of objective auditory ability assessment, the patient who received cochlear implantation gain more improvement in auditory related quality of life subjectively. The ineffective age of preoperative hearing aid is an important factor, which needs to be aroused sufficient preoperative attention.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Cochlear Implantation/methods* ; Cochlear Implants ; Deafness/rehabilitation* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Quality of Life ; Speech Perception ; Young Adult

Cochlear Implantation ; Cochlear Implants/adverse effects* ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/surgery* ; Humans ; Tinnitus/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome