OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study is to estimate the cost of breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and management in the Philippines. Specifically, it aims to identify the resource requirements and interventions related to breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and management, measure resource volumes (number of units), learn to value resource items (unit costs), and determine the total cost of treatment per disease stage.

The study covered nine tertiary hospitals, seven of which were government hospitals and two were private hospitals, with all tertiary hospitals providing breast cancer services and accredited by Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC or PhilHealth) for the Z-Benefit Package. Interventions and services related to breast cancer included radiographic procedures, laboratory and imaging tests, chemotherapy drugs and medications, medical and surgical supplies, surgical rates (for breast surgery), accommodation, staff time and salary/professional fees, and other procedure fees. The study conducted in 2022, examined cost prices of breast cancer interventions and services from stage 1–3B.

Purposive and convenience sampling were used based on PhilHealth accreditation and willingness of hospitals to participate in the study. The study conducted a focus group discussion with oncologists, radiologists, anesthesiologists, and other health care providers to validate the clinical guideline used and to solicit inputs to the costing design, analysis framework, and tools for data collection. Data collection of financial cost information (charge price) was conducted using a set of costing matrices filled out by the various departments of the hospitals. Costs and median rates were calculated across hospitals on diagnostics and imaging tests, surgery costs of both public and private facilities, medical treatment, and radiotherapy.

Breast MRI, Breast Panel, and Chest CT Scan are the top 3 most expensive diagnostic procedures ranging from PhP 8,102.00 to PhP 9,800.00 per procedure. Surgical procedures for breast cancer at private hospitals and public hospitals showed huge differences in costs. The cost of a cycle of chemotherapy ranges from PhP 596.70 to PhP 3,700.00 per session, while the cost of targeted therapy can cost up to PhP 46,394.21 per session. A year of hormone therapy ranges from PhP 3,276.00 with the use of Tamoxifen, and up to PhP 68,284.00 with Goserelin. Aromatase inhibitors such as Anastrozole and Letrozole cost from PhP 18,000 to PhP 36,000, respectively. Multiple cycles depending on the diagnosis are prescribed per patient and used in combination with other chemotherapy medications or other therapies such as targeted therapy and hormone therapy are usually taken daily up to 5 to 10 years. Conventional radiotherapy can cost up to PhP 88,150.00 covering 28 sessions, CT simulation, and CT planning.

This cost study provides relevant information and better perspective on benefit development for the PHIC, policy development for Department of Health on where and how to focus their support for the patient’s financial preparedness to address medical and f inancial catastrophes.

PhilHealth needs to guide the health care providers of their costing method and to develop their own integrated, interoperable, and comprehensive cost data library.

It recommends that the government allocate budget and cover for screening and assessment for earlier stage diagnosis of patients and lower health expenditure costs on cancer treatment.

A 61-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of non-painful left eye proptosis. Imaging studies showed a superotemporal mass in the left orbit with intracranial extension. Surgical excision of the orbitocranial mass was performed and histopathologic examination revealed metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma. She subsequently underwent total thyroidectomy. Orbital metastasis from thyroid carcinoma is rare and can be the initial manifestation of occult disease in 63% of cases.

Intracranial lipomas are benign tumors that may occasionally be found in the suprasellar cistern while pituitary adenomas are far more common brain tumors. Pituitary adenomas may rarely coexist with other intracranial tumors in the sellar-suprasellar region. We share a unique case of a patient with coexisting non-functioning pituitary adenoma and sellar-suprasellar lipoma presenting with blurring of vision.

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We report a 55-year-old male presenting with a two-year history of blurring of vision with findings of a 2.7 x 3.0 x 3.2 cm homogeneously enhancing lobulated isointense mass on the sellar-suprasellar region. Hormonal workups revealed low cortisol and mildly elevated prolactin. He initially underwent endonasal transsphenoidal excision of the tumor which revealed to be a lipoma on histopathology. Due to minimal improvement of vision from the subtotal excision, he underwent repeat surgery through the transcranial approach which in turn showed a pituitary adenoma.

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The co-occurrence of two sellar-suprasellar tumors with different histology is rare, as most of the evidence is based on only a handful of case series. Intracranial lipomas result from persistence and abnormal differentiation of the meninx primitiva during the development of the subarachnoid cisterns. On the other hand, pituitary tumorigenesis is still largely unclear but appears to involve multiple tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, cell cycle deregulation factors, and miRNAs. Given the differing pathogenesis of each tumor type, the coexistence may only be coincidental. The best surgical approach in this situation is unknown but the focus is on complete excision of the adenoma.

BACKGROUND

Espada plant, local name for the snake plant (Dracaena trifasciata) in the Philippines, is characterized by its upright sword-like leaves with vibrant yellow edges under the variety of Laurentii in the Asparagaceae family. This plant has been identified as a viable candidate for cancer research.

To investigate the antiproliferative and cytotoxic capabilities of a semi-purified methanolic extract of D. trifasciata extracted as a basis for cancer research.

The plant extracts were subjected to (1) qualitative phytochemical analysis, (2) instrumentation analysis which includes Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), to quantify bioactive ingredients, analyze structures, and evaluate biological chemicals, respectively, and tested to (3) biological assay on the HCT 116 human colorectal cancer cell line using the MTT Cytotoxic Assay.

D. trifasciata extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids, and glycosides, all of which contain an OH group and have a high solubility in polar solvents. It correlates to the results of TFC, found to be within 266.8333 mg – 622.6801 mg presented as ?g Quercetin per mL with a linear line of y=0.0005x + 0.023 with a coefficient R2 value of 0.9933. This finding corresponds to FTIR-ATR data, which shows a prominent broad appearance of -OH (primary and secondary alcohol) at peak 3327.21. In MTT Cytotoxic Assay, it has a minimal IC50 than Doxorubicin, as seen in Trial 2 with IC50 = 0.8012 ?g/mL, while antiproliferative activity revealed that D. trifasciata has minimal inhibitory activity in Trials 1 and 3 at the same concentration of 3.125 ?g/ mL as compared to the high antiproliferative property of positive control, as seen in Trial 2. Data showed that the D. trifasciata extract has minimal effectiveness even at 1.56 ?g/mL concentration, implying that other extraction techniques such as fractionation and purification may be used to satisfy its antiproliferative property.

The D. trifasciata extract contains polyalcohol, phenol, polyphenol, and polyhydroxylated metabolites, which are structures that correspond to the major groups of flavonoids (structures that have antioxidant properties), contributing to the high TFC values.

Epithelioid sarcoma is an uncommon mesenchymal malignancy which represents less than 1% of all sarcomas. Rarer still are reports of this tumor initially presenting in the vulva. We report a case of vulvar proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma.

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A 52-year-old had a 5-month history of slowly growing papule on the right labia majora. Excision of the mass revealed a tumor composed of large polygonal cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. An immunohistochemistry panel revealed cytokeratin AE1/AE3 positivity only. She underwent radical vulvectomy with bilateral groin node dissection. The specimen revealed a cream tan, firm, fairly defined mass at the right vulva. Microscopic examination showed a sheet-like growth pattern of large pleomorphic epithelioid cells with large vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The tumor showed loss of INI1 nuclear expression and absence of CD34 staining. EMA was positive. The case was signed out as proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma of the right vulva. Two months post-operatively, the patient was given concurrent chemotherapy with 5 cycles of cisplatin 40 mg/m2 and 6600 centigray vulvar intensity-modulated radiotherapy. She had no evidence of disease for five months until repeat workup showed tumor recurrence in the perineum. She was subsequently given 6 cycles of gemcitabine 900 mg/m2 and gemcitabine 900 mg/m2 with docetaxel 100 mg/m2. Two months after, repeat workup showed persistent progressive disease in the vulva. She was subsequently given 4 cycles of doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 and is for repeat workup.

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The immunohistomorphologic features of this tumor, in addition to its unusual location, present a diagnostic challenge. Clues to the diagnosis include an initial presentation as a soft tissue mass and microscopic features showing the presence of epithelioid to spindle cytomorphology with an infiltrative growth pattern. Immunohistochemistry studies revealing the loss of INI1 nuclear expression and expression of epithelial markers would ultimately establish the diagnosis of this rare clinical entity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Meningiomas represent the most prevalent benign intracranial tumors, comprising 13- 26% of primary intracranial neoplasms. These tumors derive their blood supply from both extracranial and intracranial circulation. Over recent decades, pre-operative embolization (POE) has emerged as a potential adjunctive therapy to surgery, aiming to reduce tumor vascularity. Our study seeks to explore the potential correlation between the extent of devascularization following POE of meningiomas and intraoperative blood loss.

This cross-sectional study involved nine meningioma patients at a tertiary hospital, involving chart review of patients across four years. These patients were referred for POE due to angiographic evidence of a hypervascular mass between January 2018 and January 2022. We collected demographic data, tumor characteristics (including location, size, and vascular supply), and intraoperative variables such as total operative time and blood loss. Statistical analyses aimed to uncover correlations between vascularization degree and various factors.

Our population consists predominantly of females (53.68%), with a mean age of 45.85 ± 13.65 years. Only one mortality was recorded (7.7%). Pre-operative embolization achieved devascularization in the majority (69.2%) of cases, with approximately two-thirds (66.7%) experiencing complete devascularization. Mean total operative time stood at 336.11 ± 301.88 minutes, with a mean post-operative blood loss of 985.56 ± 1013.72 milliliters. Additionally, for those with recorded recovery times, the mean recovery time was 14.32 ± 13.51 hours.

Mortality rates showed no association with sex, devascularization status, or number of feeding vessel zones. Furthermore, the extent of devascularization did not correlate with age, sex, number of feeding vessel zones, postoperative blood loss, total operative time, or recovery time (p >0.05).

In summary, this study represents a significant endeavor to elucidate factors influencing meningioma outcomes following pre-operative embolization. Despite limitations regarding patient numbers, our study offers valuable insights into operative parameters and embolization considerations for future analyses in our tertiary center.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

A parachiasmal lesion is defined as a mass or growth arising from structures around or near the chiasm. Ophthalmologic signs and symptoms may be observed in such condition, such as blurring of vision, visual field defects, and binocular double vision. The primary objective of this study was to describe the presenting ophthalmologic signs and symptoms of parachiasmal lesions among patients consulting at a single institution in the Philippines.

This was a single-center, retrospective, cohort study. Medical records of patients with parachiasmal lesions seen in the Neuro-Ophthalmology clinic of a tertiary Philippine hospital from January 2014 to December 2019 were reviewed. Clinical profile, neuro-ophthalmologic presentation, diagnosis, management, and visual outcomes were summarized by descriptive statistics.

One hundred thirty-three (133) patient records satisfied the study criteria. Most common presenting symptoms were blurring of vision. headache, and loss of vision. Visual acuity at initial visit ranged from 20/20 to no light perception. A relative afferent pupillary defect was present in half of the study population. Almost half presented with normal-looking discs or disc pallor. Bitemporal hemianopia is the most common visual field defect pattern seen in both confrontation and automated visual field testing. Histopathology was significantly associated with visual outcome.

Parachiasmal lesion should be suspected in patients who complain of unilateral blurring of vision, and those who present with normal or pale optic discs. Pituitary adenoma is the most common radiologic and histopathologic diagnosis. Visual outcome after intervention has improved or remained stable in two-thirds of patients; visual recovery is multi-factorial, which is influenced by duration, surgery, and histopathology.

BACKGROUND

Cervical cancer remains to be the second leading cancer and cause of cancer-related deaths among Filipino women despite the use of the Papanicolaou screening. Latest research has shown that the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. With major morbidity and high mortality rates associated with HPV infection and cervical cancer, several modes of primary and secondary forms of prevention have to be implemented. Among the primary modes of prevention is the administration of the preventive vaccine, which has consistently shown to decrease substantially HPV disease and cervical cancer rates in developed countries. In our country, before a successful vaccination, program is implemented, several sociocultural issues have to be addressed. Knowledge, attitude, and motivational factors are vital in determining acceptance of the vaccine. One relevant setting is exploring the willingness of mothers to get their female children vaccinated even before they become sexually active.

The aim of the study was to determine the association of the knowledge, attitude, and motivational factors of mothers on their willingness for their female children aged 9–13 years to undergo HPV vaccination at a tertiary government hospital.

This was a cross-sectional study that was carried out at a government institution.

The population consisted of 352 mothers with female children aged 9–13 years consulting the outpatient clinics at the department of obstetrics and gynecology at a tertiary government hospital.

A pretested and validated survey was given to 352 respondents. They were asked to answer a self-administered questionnaire that included sociodemographic, reproductive, sexual history variables, knowledge, and attitude, and motivational factors toward the disease and the associated vaccine.

Using the survey proportion estimation methods, the prevalence of women who were willing to enroll their daughters for HPV vaccination was 97.18% (n = 42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 94.91 to 98.46%). It can be noted that only a third of the sample had high knowledge on the vaccine and its use 34.93% (n = 124, 95% CI: 30.25 to 39.92%). More women who reached college level (χ2: 5.67) and also those whose youngest child was between 11 and 13 years old (χ2: 8.82)-had higher knowledge scores than otherwise. Those who have an annual income of greater than or equal to P 60,000 (χ2: 16.55) and are non-Catholic (χ2: 18.77) – also appeared to have higher knowledge ratings on the questionnaire. Women who never to a few times a year attend church-related activities had higher knowledge scores compared to women who were more frequent goers (χ2: 16.33). For the attitude toward the vaccine, more mothers believed that getting the vaccine would not have an effect on a girl’s sexual activity and most agreed that they would not be viewed as bad parents. Most women also did not believe that religion would affect their willingness to vaccinate their children. There was an association in the degree of agreement between negative and positive attitudes from the Chi-square test performed (χ2: 7.44, P: 0.01). There were more agreeing responses from factors determining positive attitude and more disagreeing responses in the factors determining negative attitude. With regard to motivational factors, more women agreed that the cost was prohibitive and that they were more willing if only two doses would be required for their daughters. They were also not concerned about what other parents may think about getting the vaccine. Most answered that they were willing to follow their doctors’ recommendations and they have trust in vaccine manufacturers. Most women were also concerned that their daughters may get cervical cancer in the future. There was no difference in the proportion of agreeing responses between positive and negative motivating factors among the study participants (Z: 0.30, P: 0.79). This suggested that these factors could be important predictors of willingness to use vaccination on their children. Based on the crude odds ratios from the logistic regression, the likelihood of being willing to administer HPV vaccine to their children was almost twice as the knowledge score and scores on the positive attitude items increased, and was found to be statistically significant. At the same time, the odds of willingness increased by more than twice as the score on the negative attitude items decreased, and was also significant. There was no noted association for the other predictors of the association.

The role of knowledge and attitudes on the negative perceptions on the vaccine were important predictors of the willingness of mothers to have their female children vaccinated against HPV infection.

INTRODUCTION

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is generally considered to be an indolent disease with relatively good prognosis. However, some studies have shown that the Filipino population has a higher risk for disease recurrence compared to non-Filipino patients and hence early identification and management during the follow-up period would be beneficial, especially those in whom risk factors for recurrence were identified.

This study aims to identify determinants for disease recurrence of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (as defined by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines 2015) diagnosed from January 1, 2013-December 31, 2017, seen at the University of Santo Tomas Hospital (USTH) outpatient endocrine clinic and underwent total thyroidectomy with or without radioactive iodine ablation therapy.

Retrospective review of outpatient medical records of 82 patients with PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy with or without radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy and achieved excellent response (ER) to therapy was performed. Baseline clinical profile such as age at diagnosis, sex, family history of thyroid cancer, family history of goiter, histopathology result, serial thyroglobulin (Tg), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) levels, whole body scan reports, neck ultrasound reports and RAI doses were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants to the development of worsening response.

Of the 82 patients, 18 (21.9%) developed worsening response to therapy. Predictors of poor outcomes identified from previous studies such as age, sex, extent of disease, size and multifocality of tumors, ATA risk classification and initial dynamic risk assessment, RAI therapy, level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression were analyzed. After logistic regression analysis, there was no significant association between variables and progression to worsening response that were previously identified in other studies.

Even though no significant association between investigated variables and worsening response were identified in this study, previous studies with larger populations that had exhibited positive association should be considered and hence current Philippine guidelines for the management of PTC must still be applied.

BACKGROUND/IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

At present, there is not much data on the prevalence of cancer in the young adult population in the local setting, in addition to prevalence and determinants of distress in this population. The findings of this study may help to understand the current situation of this young population, and it may also provide a reference for further improving outcomes among these patients who have a distinct set of needs compared to the older counterparts, in addition to a long life expectancy ahead of them.

This study employed an observational cross-sectional design that included young adult cancer patients, aged 19 to 39 years old, seen at the hospital outpatient clinics and Cancer Center from October 2023 to December 2023. Demographic and clinical data were collected. The participants were also asked to fill out the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Distress Thermometer (DT) Screening Tool and Problem List after signing the written informed consent. Data were collated and analyzed per clinical variable.

The mean age of the participants was 34.55 years (SD=3.97), with most of them being 36 to 39 years old (51.67%). Comparative analyses of different demographic and clinical characteristics indicated that none of the characteristics were significantly different between those without and with significant distress levels (p >0.05). The mean distress score was 4.11 (SD=2.60) and categorizing these scores using the established cut-off score showed that 58.33% (95% CI = 44.88% to 70.93%) had distress. Time from cancer diagnosis significantly predicted distress development, specifically between 6 and 12 months from cancer diagnosis (aOR = 0.03, p = 0.042). Factors significantly contributing to distress are concerns on changes in eating, loss or change of physical abilities, worry or anxiety, sadness or depression, loss of interest or enjoyment, loneliness, changes in appearance, feelings of worthlessness or being a burden, relationship with friends, ability to have children, taking care of oneself, finances, access to medicine, issues on sense of meaning or purpose, and on death, dying and afterlife (pCONCLUSION

Significant distress is present in more than 50% of young adult cancer patients seen in a private tertiary institution in the Philippines. The time from cancer diagnosis significantly predicted distress development. Emotional and practical concerns significantly contributed to distress in this population.