In order to investigate carriage status and serum groups distribution of Neisseria meningitidis(Nm) among healthy population in Jiangsu Province, four counties were selected as monitoring sites by random sampling method for cross-sectional study. Throat swab specimens were collected from four monitoring sites in October to November 2019 and November to December 2020 for bacterial culture and Real-time PCR detection. Chi-square test was used to compare the positive rate of Neisseria meningitidis, and multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of Neisseria meningitidis carrier rate. The results showed that among 1 512 samples, 57 strains of Nm were isolated, and the carrier rate was 3.77%. Serogroup B was the dominant group (36.84%), followed by un-known serogroups (33.33%), serogroup C was the third (17.54%), serogroup W135 and serogroup A were 7.02% and 5.26%, respectively. The carriage rate (8.60%) of 15-20 years old was significantly higher than others (1.77%-3.74%)(Pearson χ²=18.211, P<0.05). Region, age and immunization history were risk factors for Neisseria meningitidis carrier rate. In summary, the Nm carrier rate of healthy population in Jiangsu Province is relatively low, which indicates that the epidemic cases will continue to be sporadic in the future. However, the prevention and control of meningococcal epidemics on campus should be strengthened, and the monitoring of neisseria meningitidis group B should be maintained as it has become the dominant epidemic strain.
Humans ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Neisseria meningitidis ; Meningococcal Infections/prevention & control* ; Prevalence ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Carrier State/microbiology*

Acute Disease ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Bacteremia/microbiology* ; Female ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications* ; Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications* ; Humans ; Hypersplenism/complications* ; Liver Cirrhosis/complications* ; Meningococcal Infections/microbiology* ; Neisseria meningitidis/isolation & purification* ; Peritonitis/microbiology*

This article reviews recent data on meningococcal disease and carriage in the Philippines. It aims to provide information on the epidemiology of meningococcal disease, its carriage, data on prevention, and the impact of vaccination on disease and carriage. The World Health Organization considers the Philippines as having low endemicity for meningococcal disease. However, current data underestimates the true burden in the country due to many factors. In recent years, data from the Philippines show a high case-fatality rate since only the septicemic form is being reported. Studies on asymptomatic meningococcal carriage rates are sparse, with one study by Gonzales, et al. investigating the prevalence of meningococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in Filipinos aged 5-24 years old living in an urban setting. The study showed that the overall prevalence of carriage was 3.7% and was highest (9%) among the 10-14 age group. Serogroup B was the most common isolate. Effective meningococcal vaccines are available. Although not included in the National Immunization Program, medical societies recommend giving vaccines to individuals at high risk of infection. Data on local epidemiology accounting for the disease and asymptomatic carriage are important to strengthen future programs on immunization and prevention of meningococcal disease.
Meningococcal Infections ; Meningococcal Vaccines

Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis (meningococcal meningitis) is an acute respiratory infectious disease with high mortality and serious sequelae. Meningococcal vaccine is an effective measure to prevent and control meningococcal meningitis. At present, group B meningococcal meningitis has become the main prevalent serum group in the world, including China. Meningococcal ACYW and other vaccines are mainly composed of capsular polysaccharides, while the main component of group B meningococcal vaccine is protein, including outer membrane vesicles (OMV) and recombinant protein vaccine. The methods for evaluating the immunogenicity of group B meningococcal vaccine include hSBA and alternative methods such as meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS), flow cytometric meningococcal antigen surface expression assay (MEASURE), genetic meningococcal antigen typing system (gMATS) and bexsero antigen sequence type (BAST). The evaluation of vaccine immunogenicity is the basis of vaccine development and clinical trial research, However, at present, there is no group B meningococcal vaccine in China. Therefore, in this paper, the research progress of immunogenicity evaluation of group B meningococcal vaccine has been reviewed, in order to provide technical guidance for the research and development of group B meningococcal vaccine, immunogenicity evaluation and clinical trial research in China.
Humans ; Meningitis, Meningococcal/prevention & control* ; Meningococcal Vaccines ; Neisseria meningitidis ; Serogroup ; Vaccines, Combined

Two cases of epidemic situation of serogroup B meningitis in infants in Shandong Province in 2021 were investigated. Samples of cases and their close contacts were collected for isolation, culture and identification of Neisseria meningitides (Nm). The isolates were subjected to multi-locus sequence typing, outer membrane protein porA and fetA genotyping and drug sensitivity test. Two laboratory-confirmed outbreaks of serogroup B meningitis were reported from Yantai city and Linyi city. The indicated cases were infants aged 5 months and 2 months old respectively. They were not vaccinated with meningitis vaccine. Their epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations were similar and the prognosis was good. The same sequence type (ST) of serogroup B Nm strains as the indicated cases was detected in the samples of close family contacts, but without subsequent cases. Among them, Yantai strain was were identified as the type ST-8920, belonging to CC4821 clonal complex, and the genotypes of porA and fetA were p1.21-2, 23 and F3-1. Linyi strain was a new type, belonging to CC4821 clonal complex and the genotypes of porA and fetA were p1.20, 23 and F1-91. The above strains were resistant to penicillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and Chemitrim, and their sensitivity to cephalosporin decreased. Two cases of infant serogroup B epidemic were relatively rare in China, which were different from the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of other Nm serogroups in the past.
Epidemics ; Humans ; Infant ; Meningitis, Meningococcal/epidemiology* ; Multilocus Sequence Typing ; Neisseria meningitidis ; Serogroup

Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the trend of syphilis and gonorrhea incidence rate among 10-19 year old adolescents in Liaoning Province from 2006 to 2020. The syphilis and gonorrhea data in Liaoning Province were reported in the infectious disease monitoring system of China's disease prevention and control information system. From 2006 to 2020, a total of 7 721 cases of syphilis in 10-19 year old adolescents were reported in Liaoning Province, with an incidence rate about 0.90/100 000-22.13/100 000. The incidence rate of syphilis in women was higher than that in men. Adolescents infected with stage Ⅰ and stageⅡ syphilis accounted for 72.6%. There were 2 726 patients with gonorrhea, with an incidence rate about 1.29/100 000-10.74/100 000. The incidence rate of gonorrhea in men was higher than that in women. Joinpoint regression model analysis showed that the incidence of syphilis generally took 2012 as the inflection point. From 2006 to 2012, the average annual growth rate of syphilis incidence rate among adolescents was 67.30% (P<0.001). The average annual growth rate of syphilis incidence rate in adolescents from 2012 to 2020 was -0.02% (P=0.994).The overall incidence of gonorrhea incidence rate took 2015 as the inflection point. From 2006 to 2015, the average annual growth rate of juvenile gonorrhea incidence rate was 23.95% (P<0.001). The average annual growth rate of gonorrhea incidence rate in adolescents from 2015 to 2020 was 4.06% (P=0.492). Overall, from 2006 to 2020, the incidence rate of syphilis and gonorrhea among 10-19 year old adolescents in Liaoning Province increased slowly. The primary and secondary prevention strategies were significantly effective in reducing the risk of sexually transmitted diseases.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Gonorrhea/prevention & control* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Regression Analysis ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology* ; Syphilis/epidemiology* ; Young Adult

This research and development of MenB meningococcal vaccines includes two technical routes: outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines. This article intends to review the development, production and application of MenB meningococcal OMV vaccines in order to provide a reference for the development of MenB meningococcal OMV vaccine in China.
Antigens, Bacterial ; Humans ; Meningococcal Infections/prevention & control* ; Meningococcal Vaccines ; Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B ; Serogroup ; Vaccines, Synthetic

PURPOSE: Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae share between 80% and 90% of their genetic sequence. Meningococcal serogroup B vaccines based on outer membrane vesicles—such as VA-MENGOC-BC—could cross-protect against gonorrhea. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence rates of gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases with respect to the use of the VA-MENGOC-BC vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Health statistics between 1970 and 2017 were reviewed and the incidence of meningococcal disease and sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, syphilis, condyloma acuminatum, hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus infection) were analyzed during the pre- and post-vaccination periods. Gonorrhea incidence was also analyzed by age groups. RESULTS: VA-MENGOC-BC was successfully used to control a meningococcal epidemic in Cuba. The strategy to combat the epidemic was carried out in two stages. The first one was a nationwide mass-vaccination campaign from 1989 to 1990, targeting the population at highest-risk aged 3 months to 24 years. During the second stage, begun in 1991, it was included in the Expanded Immunization Program. Gonorrhea incidence increased from 1970 to 1989. However, after the VA-MENGOC-BC massive vaccination campaign a sharp decrease of gonorrhea incidence was observed. It lasted between 1989 and 1993. A second incidence peak was detected in 1995, but it dropped again. Data clearly show a decline in the incidence of gonorrhea following massive vaccination, in contrast with other sexually transmitted diseases. Incidence rates in unvaccinated age groups also decreased, probably due to herd immunity. CONCLUSION: There is evidence that VA-MENGOC-BC could induce a moderate protection against gonorrhea.
Cuba ; Gonorrhea ; Hepatitis B ; HIV ; Humans ; Immunity, Herd ; Immunization Programs ; Incidence ; Membranes ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Neisseria meningitidis ; Serogroup ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Syphilis ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

Meningococcal vaccines in the Chinese market include meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine, meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, and a combined vaccine. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines immunization schedules vary by vaccine manufacturer, and often cause confusion in immunization practices. Based on the epidemiological characteristics of meningococcal disease, serogroup distribution of Neisseria meningitidis, and research progress on the immunogenicity and safety of meningococcal vaccines, we developed an experts' consensus on immunization with meningococcal vaccines to provide guidance for immunization providers and for centers for disease control and prevention staff.
China ; Consensus ; Humans ; Immunization ; Meningococcal Infections/prevention & control* ; Meningococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage* ; Vaccines, Conjugate

Meningococcal meningitis is an acute, severe respiratory infectious disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Immunization with meningococcal vaccine is the most effective measure to control and prevent transmission of meningococcal meningitis. Meningococcal vaccines in the Chinese market include meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine, meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, and a combined vaccine containing meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. This article reviews research progress on the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of meningococcal vaccines, particularly in the Chinese market, to support appropriate use of the various meningococcal vaccines for preventing meningococcal meningitis.
Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Humans ; Immunization/economics* ; Meningitis, Meningococcal/prevention & control* ; Meningococcal Vaccines/immunology* ; Vaccination/economics* ; Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology*