Pyloric dysfunction is defined as hypertonia or spasm of the pyloric sphincter. The pylorus plays a key role in gastric emptying, but its function remains incompletely understood. Most studies have focused on gastroparesis regardless of the underlying pathophysiology. Few studies have reported pyloric dysfunction in patients with gastroparesis, and the diagnostic and treatment modalities for pyloric dysfunction are not well established. Recently developed diagnostic modalities assessing pyloric function, such as high-resolution antroduodenal manometry and endoluminal functional lumen imaging, are currently being evaluated. A variety of therapeutic interventions targeting the pylorus, including pharmacologic agents, intrapyloric botulinum injection, endoscopic balloon dilation, stent insertion, surgical pyloroplasty, and gastric peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy, have been proposed. Among these, gastric peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy has emerged as a novel, minimally invasive therapy with demonstrated efficacy and safety for refractory gastroparesis. This article reviews the pathophysiology of pyloric dysfunction and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic modalities based on the latest literature.

Pyloric dysfunction is defined as hypertonia or spasm of the pyloric sphincter. The pylorus plays a key role in gastric emptying, but its function remains incompletely understood. Most studies have focused on gastroparesis regardless of the underlying pathophysiology. Few studies have reported pyloric dysfunction in patients with gastroparesis, and the diagnostic and treatment modalities for pyloric dysfunction are not well established. Recently developed diagnostic modalities assessing pyloric function, such as high-resolution antroduodenal manometry and endoluminal functional lumen imaging, are currently being evaluated. A variety of therapeutic interventions targeting the pylorus, including pharmacologic agents, intrapyloric botulinum injection, endoscopic balloon dilation, stent insertion, surgical pyloroplasty, and gastric peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy, have been proposed. Among these, gastric peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy has emerged as a novel, minimally invasive therapy with demonstrated efficacy and safety for refractory gastroparesis. This article reviews the pathophysiology of pyloric dysfunction and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic modalities based on the latest literature.

Pyloric dysfunction is defined as hypertonia or spasm of the pyloric sphincter. The pylorus plays a key role in gastric emptying, but its function remains incompletely understood. Most studies have focused on gastroparesis regardless of the underlying pathophysiology. Few studies have reported pyloric dysfunction in patients with gastroparesis, and the diagnostic and treatment modalities for pyloric dysfunction are not well established. Recently developed diagnostic modalities assessing pyloric function, such as high-resolution antroduodenal manometry and endoluminal functional lumen imaging, are currently being evaluated. A variety of therapeutic interventions targeting the pylorus, including pharmacologic agents, intrapyloric botulinum injection, endoscopic balloon dilation, stent insertion, surgical pyloroplasty, and gastric peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy, have been proposed. Among these, gastric peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy has emerged as a novel, minimally invasive therapy with demonstrated efficacy and safety for refractory gastroparesis. This article reviews the pathophysiology of pyloric dysfunction and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic modalities based on the latest literature.

Pyloric dysfunction is defined as hypertonia or spasm of the pyloric sphincter. The pylorus plays a key role in gastric emptying, but its function remains incompletely understood. Most studies have focused on gastroparesis regardless of the underlying pathophysiology. Few studies have reported pyloric dysfunction in patients with gastroparesis, and the diagnostic and treatment modalities for pyloric dysfunction are not well established. Recently developed diagnostic modalities assessing pyloric function, such as high-resolution antroduodenal manometry and endoluminal functional lumen imaging, are currently being evaluated. A variety of therapeutic interventions targeting the pylorus, including pharmacologic agents, intrapyloric botulinum injection, endoscopic balloon dilation, stent insertion, surgical pyloroplasty, and gastric peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy, have been proposed. Among these, gastric peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy has emerged as a novel, minimally invasive therapy with demonstrated efficacy and safety for refractory gastroparesis. This article reviews the pathophysiology of pyloric dysfunction and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic modalities based on the latest literature.

Etomidate reversibly blocks 11-β-hydroxylated steroid dehydrogenase inhibits the synthesis of cortisol by adrenal cells.This product is a special injection.When evaluating the quality and efficacy of the generic and the reference preparations,it should be based on pharmaceutical and non-clinical consistency and adopt a step-by-step research strategy,firstly,bioequivalence(BE)was studied.In bioequivalence study,the research type,dosage and method,bioequivalence evaluation,safety monitoring and pharmacodynamics(PD)evaluation should be considered and designed reasonably.Based on the pharmacokinetics(PK)characteristics of etomidate medium-long chain fat emulsion injection and the bioequivalence study of its generic drug before its domestic market,the general design requirements and relevant considerations for the bioequivalence study of this product were systematically discussed.The purpose is to provide useful reference and guidance for domestic research and development of generic drugs.

A sesquiterpene was purified from Artemisia iwayomogi methanolic extract during the course of searching anti-inflammatory principle from medicinal plants. A sesquiterpene identified as armefolin inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and attenuated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein level in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Armefolin also down-regulated mRNA expressions of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in LPS-activated macrophages. Moreover, armefolin suppressed the degradation of inhibitory-κBα (I-κBα) in LPS-activated macrophages. These data suggest that armefolin from A. iwayomogi can suppress the LPS-induced production of NO and the expression of iNOS gene through inhibiting the degradation of I-κBα. Taken together, armefolin from A. iwayomogi might be a candidate as promising anti-inflammatory agent.
Artemisia* ; Cytokines ; Interleukin-6 ; Macrophages ; Methanol ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II* ; Plants, Medicinal ; RAW 264.7 Cells* ; RNA, Messenger

Adverse reactions like weight gain and lipid metabolism disorders are often observed in the treatment of atypical antipsychotic drugs,which have shown great individual differences,but the mechanism is still uncertain.Research on pharmacogenomics indicate that gene polymorphism may play an important role.The drugs could increase food intake by acting on some related central receptors,or effect lipid metabolism in the adipose cell and hepatocyte.In this review,genes and polymorphisms related to lipid metabolic adverse drug reactions of atypical antipsychotic drugs were analyzed in these two aspects,so as to provide references for individualized medication and research.

Most ingested foreign bodies pass readily throughout intestinal tract if they reach the stomach. In some cases, foreign bodies may be impacted behind a luminal constriction but are rare in colon. Here, we report the case of a 59-year-old man who did laparoscopic anterior resection due to sigmoid colon cancer 2 years ago and ischemic colitis was repeated on the anastomosis site. He initially presented with symptoms of abdominal pain 3 months before and melena 1 day before admission. Abdomen computerized tomography showed a 3.2 cm segment of luminal narrowing of the proximal colon involving upstream foreign material stasis. Sigmoidoscopic approaches revealed near complete obstruction on the anal verge of 20 cm and scope passing failed. Balloon dilatations were done on the obstruction site four times all and a foreign body impacted above the obstruction site was removed by an alligator without any complications. The foreign body removed looks like plastic or a shell, about 20 mm in size.
Abdomen ; Abdominal Pain ; Alligators and Crocodiles ; Colitis, Ischemic ; Colon* ; Constriction ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Dilatation* ; Foreign Bodies* ; Humans ; Melena ; Middle Aged ; Phenobarbital ; Plastics ; Sigmoid Neoplasms ; Stomach

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although the use of heterogeneous overlapping drug-eluting stents (DES) is not uncommon in clinical practice, whether the implantation sequences of heterogeneous DES will influence the endothelialization or arterial responses differently remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one rabbits were randomized to receive overlapping stents in the iliac artery for 3 months {distal sirolimus-eluting stent (SES, Cypher(TM))+proximal paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES, Taxus(TM)) (C+T, n=7), distal Taxus+proximal Cypher (T+C, n=7) and bare metal stent (BMS)+BMS (B+B, n=7)}. Endothelial function was evaluated by the acetylcholine provocation test during follow-up angiography. Histopathological changes in proximal, overlapped, and distal stented segments were evaluated. RESULTS: Although the overall angiographic outcomes were comparable, late loss (mm) in the distal stented segment was higher in the B+B (0.39+/-0.07) and C+T (0.40+/-0.20) than that in the T+C (0.06+/-0.02) group (p<0.001). The incidence of acetylcholine-induced spasm was higher in the DES groups compared with BMS, regardless of the implantation sequences (85.7% in C+T vs. 14.3% in B+B vs. 71.4% in T+C, p=0.017). Notably, only the distal Cypher implantation group (C+T) had three cases of stent fracture. A histopathological analysis showed that despite similar arterial injury scores, Taxus and Cypher stents had higher inflammatory reactions at the overlapped and distal segments compared with those of BMS. CONCLUSION: Despite similar arterial injury, higher inflammatory reactions were observed in overlapping DES segments regardless of the implantation sequence compared with that of BMS. Moreover, DES was associated with impaired endothelial function on the adjacent non-stented segments.
Acetylcholine ; Angiography ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Endothelium ; Follow-Up Studies ; Iliac Artery ; Incidence ; Rabbits ; Spasm ; Stents ; Taxus ; Vasoconstriction

Skeletal remains collected from the archaeological fields must be maintained carefully, for being used in scientific studies on the physical characteristics, health status, and pathological disease of the ancient or medieval human populations. Even if Joseon Dynasty Human Sample Collection might be a good example for such studies, few of bone collections predated the Joseon Age (e.g. Goryeo Dynasty) have been established until now, possibly owing to poor preservation condition of archaeological sites in Korea. In this study, we performed anthropological studies on a few cases of Goryeo skeletons, which have been rarely reported by anthropologists in Korea. Judging from the preservation status of bones found in various types of Goryeo graves (e.g. earthen- or stone-chambered tombs), many cases seem to be cremated in accordance with Buddhist funeral rites. Goryeo bone collections must be constructed with the bones identified in the earthen tombs, which were preserved much perfectly than those of any other types of Goryeo tombs.
Anthropology, Physical ; Archaeology ; Funeral Rites ; Humans ; Korea ; Skeleton