Athletic injuries of the lower extremities are commonly encountered in clinical practice. While some pathology can be diagnosed on physical exam, others are a clinical dilemma with nonspecific symptomatology. In these situations, ultrasound imaging can be utilized as an exceptional diagnostic tool, offering unique advantages over other imaging modalities. This article will review the imaging characteristics of commonly encountered athletic injuries of the lower extremity.
Athletic Injuries* ; Lower Extremity* ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Pathology ; Sports* ; Ultrasonography*

Diabetes mellitus (DM) can accompany many musculoskeletal (MSK) diseases. It is difficult to distinguish the DM-related MSK diseases based on clinical symptoms alone. Sonography is frequently used as a first imaging study for these MSK symptoms and is helpful to differentiate the various DM-related MSK diseases. This pictorial essay focuses on sonographic findings of various MSK diseases that can occur in diabetic patients.
Adult ; Cellulitis/ultrasonography ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*complications ; Diabetic Neuropathies/ultrasonography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Musculoskeletal Diseases/complications/*diagnosis/ultrasonography ; Pyomyositis/microbiology/ultrasonography ; Tenosynovitis/microbiology/ultrasonography ; Vascular Diseases/ultrasonography

Musculoskeletal intervention has significantly evolved over the last decade. A major reason for recent advancements could be attributed to the widespread use of image-guided techniques utilizing computed tomography, fluoroscopy, and ultrasonography. This change improved the approach of needles to the areas of pathology and decreased complication rates. This article reviews basic principles of the common image-guided diagnostic and therapeutic techniques as they relate to patients with musculoskeletal disease.
Fluoroscopy ; Humans ; Image-Guided Biopsy ; Injections, Spinal ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Needles ; Pain Management ; Pathology ; Radiology, Interventional ; Ultrasonography

In this article, I would like to define "oops lesions" as soft tissue mass-like lesions that involve surprise or embarrassment for radiologists following the final diagnosis. Examples of "oops lesions" include malignant tumors that appear benign, malignancy-mimicking benign tumors, incorrect identification of epidermal inclusion cysts, and soft tissue pseudotumors. Ultrasonography (US) findings are very helpful in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors; however, the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors on the basis of US findings alone has some limitations. Therefore, clinical findings, laboratory data, findings from additional imaging modalities, and demographic data of patients should be considered together with US findings.
Diagnosis ; Humans ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms ; Ultrasonography*

The use of musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology clinical practice has rapidly increased over the past decade. Ultrasound has enabled rheumatologists to diagnose, prognosticate and monitor disease outcome. Although international standardization remains a concern still, the use of ultrasound in rheumatology is expected to grow further as costs fall and the opportunity to train in the technique improves. We present a review of value of ultrasound, focusing on major applications of ultrasound in rheumatologic diseases.
Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Musculoskeletal System/ultrasonography ; Osteoarthritis/ultrasonography ; Rheumatic Diseases/*ultrasonography ; Sjogren's Syndrome/ultrasonography ; Spondylarthropathies/ultrasonography ; Synovitis/ultrasonography ; Tendinopathy/ultrasonography ; Vasculitis/ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Elasticity Imaging Techniques/*methods ; Humans ; Musculoskeletal Diseases/*ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Elasticity Imaging Techniques/*methods ; Humans ; Musculoskeletal Diseases/*ultrasonography

Elastography is an ultrasound-based newer imaging technique that is currently being used for the evaluation of breast lesions and hepatic pathology. It is also being evaluated for characterizing lesions of the prostate, thyroid, cervix and lymph nodes. We have applied real-time sonoelastography to a variety of musculoskeletal pathologies and here we report the findings of elastography for the evaluation of various musculoskeletal pathologies. Elastography of musculoskeletal lesions is not yet being routinely used in clinical practice, but it is being extensively researched.
Elasticity Imaging Techniques/*methods ; Humans ; Musculoskeletal Diseases/*ultrasonography

PURPOSE: Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a common and benign congenital disorder of the musculoskeletal system in neonates and infants. The pathophysiology is that the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) is shortened on the involved side by fibrosis, leading to ipsilateral tilt and contralateral rotation of the face and chin. In this study, we investigated the clinical features of CMT, the role of ultrasonography (USG) in prediction of prognoses and the clinical significance of early detection and treatment. METHODS: Forty seven patients (M:F=31:16) were diagnosed as a CMT between March 2003 and May 2006. We reviewed age at diagnosis, physical findings, USG findings, treatment and therapeutic outcome from their medical records. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 90 days (18 days-9 years, 7 months) and the right side of neck was affected in more patients (right:left=26:21). Of 24 patients with a palpable neck mass, 21 had USG; 19 cases showed sternocleidomastoid tumor (SMT). In cases with no neck mass, USG was performed in 11 patients; seven had postural torticollis (POST), three had SMT and one had muscular torticollis (MT). Among 40 patients with follow-up, 36 had total resolution. There was negative correlation between the age at diagnosis and the recovery time, whereas the final outcome was not correlated with USG findings. However, the patients without positive findings in USG had earlier resolution (1 month vs 2.6 months, P=0.0008). The patients with SMT had earlier diagnosis and excellent outcomes. The patients with MT were delayed to diagnosis and had the longest time to resolve. Lastly, the patients with POST had delayed diagnoses, but they had excellent outcomes. CONCLUSION: Since the patients with delayed diagnoses, in despite of benign courses, may take a long time to resolve and rarely need surgical treatment, it is important to diagnose and treat early. This study showed that USG findings of the SCM may be used as predictive factors.
Chin ; Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Diagnosis ; Fibrosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Medical Records ; Musculoskeletal System ; Neck ; Prognosis ; Torticollis* ; Ultrasonography

Focal musculoskeletal anomalies vary, and can manifest as part of a syndrome or be accompanied by numerous other conditions such as genetic disorders, karyotype abnormalities, central nervous system anomalies and other skeletal anomalies. Isolated focal musculoskeletal anomaly does, however, also occur; its early prenatal diagnosis is important in deciding prenatal care, and also helps in counseling parents about the postnatal effects of numerous possible associated anomalies. We have encountered 50 cases involving focal musculoskeletal anomalies, including focal limb dysplasia [radial ray abnormality (n=3), mesomelic dysplasia (n=1) ]; anomalies of the hand [polydactyly (n=8), syndactyly (n=3), ectrodactyly (n=1), clinodactyly (n=6), clenched hand (n=5) ]; anomalies of the foot [clubfoot (n=10), rockerbottom foot (n=5), sandal gap deformity (n=1), curly toe (n=2) ]; amniotic band syndrome (n=3) ; and anomalies of the focal spine [block vertebra (n=1), hemivertebra (n=1) ]. Among these 50 cases, five [polydactyly (n=1), syndactyly (n=2) and curly toe (n=2) ] were confirmed by postnatal physical evaluation, two (focal spine anomalies) were diagnosed after postnatal radiologic examination, and the remaining 43 were proven at autopsy. For each condition, we describe the prenatal sonographic findings, and include a brief review.
Amniotic Band Syndrome/radiography/*ultrasonography ; Fetal Diseases/radiography/*ultrasonography ; Human ; Infant, Newborn ; Limb Deformities, Congenital/radiography/*ultrasonography ; Musculoskeletal Abnormalities/radiography/*ultrasonography ; Spinal Diseases/radiography/*ultrasonography ; *Ultrasonography, Prenatal