Background: In traditional medicine, the Shimshin-6 formulation, which consists of Rheum undulatum L., Hippophae rhamnoides L., Zingiber officinalie Roscoe, Saussurea Lappa C.B.Clark, Sal ammoniacum, Tronae veneni, is recommended for women experiencing menstrual retention disorders. In recent years, Shimshin-6 has been widely used to promote postpartum uterine involution for women and our study aimed to evaluate and determine the acute and chronic toxicity effects of Shimshin-6. Aim: To evaluate and substantiate the acute and chronic toxicity effects of Shimshin-6. Materials and Methods: The acute toxicity of Shimshin-6 was evaluated using the rapid method described by V.B. Prozorovsky (1978) by administering intraperitoneal injections of the medicinal extract in white mice to determine the lethal dose. The active dose was determined following the methodology of I.P. Zapadnyuk (1983). Chronic toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats according to the OECD 407 (2008) guidelines. The test animals were administered Shimshin-6 in tablet form (90 mg/kg and 180 mg/kg) and decoction form (tang) (162 mg/kg) daily for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, biochemical and complete blood analyses were conducted, along with histopathological examination of major organs. The study was conducted with ethical approval granted by the Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) on October 25, 2024. Results: The LD50 for Shimshin-6 tablets was 4.47 (3.39–5.1) g/kg, indicating low acute toxicity based on the K.K. Sidorov classification. The LD50 for the decoction form was 8.1 (7.1–9.4) g/kg, suggesting it is non-toxic. Regarding chronic toxicity, platelet count was significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group: Shimshin-6 tablet group: 46% reduction at 90 mg/kg and 29.7% reduction at 180 mg/kg. Shimshin-6 decoction group: 60.5% reduction at 162 mg/ kg. Additionally, hemoglobin levels in the decoction group (162 mg/kg) decreased by 15.7% (p<0.05). Biochemical analysis showed a 36.3% reduction in total cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in the tablet group (180 mg/kg) and decoction group (162 mg/kg) compared to the control (p<0.05). Conclusion Shimshin-6 tablets showed low acute toxicity in experimental mice. However, long-term administration may lead to a reduction in platelet count.

Background: This study explores the potential of food industry by-products, such as plant peels, stems, and slags, as valuable sources of lignocellulosic material (LCM), which contains 25-40% xylan. These underutilized resources, often discarded as waste, hold the promise of sustainable applications in biotechnology. By safely extracting xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from LCM biomass, the value of these materials can be significantly enhanced, contributing to green production and supporting sustainable development. XOS, recognized for its prebiotic activity, has been shown to promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, making it a vital research area in the fields of food science, medicine, and technology. Aim: To extract and characterize oligosaccharides derived from by-products of the food industry, evaluate their physicochemical properties, and investigate selected biological activities. Materials and Methods: This study utilized microwave pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis to isolate and purify XOS from wheat bran and brewers’ spent grains (BSG), provided by Altan Taria LLC and APU CoL, respectively. Microwave irradiation at 200°C for 5 minutes was employed as a pretreatment step, followed by hydrolysis using commercial xylanase (Thermomyces lanuginosus, recombinant Aspergillus oryzae, 2500 BXU/g) at 55°C for 24 hours. The resulting hydrolysate underwent filtration with activated carbon and ethanol precipitation to yield purified XOS. Analytical methods, including FTIR spectroscopy, TLC and HPLC, were used for structural and compositional analysis of the purified oligosaccharides. In vitro tests evaluated the ability of XOS to support the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, including Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus fermentum (ATCC 9338), and Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 344), using XOS-enriched media. Additionally, in vivo studies were conducted on rats to determine the biological effects of XOS on gut microbiota. Results: The results demonstrated that prolonged enzymatic hydrolysis for more than 10 hours, using 0.25 g of xylanase per 100 g of substrate, resulted in optimal yields. XOS purity was measured at 87.6% with an 8.1 g yield from wheat bran and 89% purity with a 7.2 g yield from brewers’ spent grains. Structural analysis confirmed the presence of xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose, with xylotetraose being the most abundant component in WBP-XOS (47.5%), and xylobiose dominating BGS’s derived XOS (47.8%). Biological effects revealed that wheat bran-derived XOS significantly supported the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. and L. fermentum (ATCC 9338) in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas no significant effect was observed on L. casei (ATCC 344). In vivo studies confirmed that XOS consumption increased populations of Bifidobacterium spp. and Akkermansia muciniphila spp. in gut microbiota (p<0.05). Furthermore, XOS consumption reduced plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C levels while increasing HDL-C levels, demonstrating metabolic benefits. Conclusion This research establishes that XOS with prebiotic activity can be efficiently extracted and purified from food industry by-products using microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis. This approach highlights the potential of utilizing agricultural and industrial waste for producing functional prebiotics, contributing to sustainable practices and offering valuable applications in health and nutrition.

Introduction: Air pollution has become one of the major problems in socio-economic and health issues in Mongolia. Among the various hazards of particulate matter (PM) pollutants, microorganisms in PM2.5 and PM10 are thought to be responsible for various allergies and for the spread of respiratory diseases. Recent studies have shown that PM2.5 particles can cause chronic heart failure, heart arrhythmias, and strokes, as well as lung damage, cirrhosis, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, some studies have concluded that PM2.5 particles in the environment are a risk factor for gastrointestinal, liver, colon, and lung cancer as well as it affects the growth and metastasis of various cancer cells caused by other factors. In our country, the health effects of air pollution and the relationship between the pathogenesis of cancer research are scarce. Therefore, the study of the effects of PM2.5 particles on cancer cell proliferation, migration (metastasis) can provide a significant role for cancer treatment, diagnosis, and prevention. Purpose: Determining the effects of PM2.5 particles on cancer cell proliferation, migration (metastasis) in in-vitro Material and Methods: A human liver cancer cell line (HepG2), human gastric cancer cell line (AGS) were obtained from the central scientific research laboratory in the Institute of medical sciences. HepG2, AGS cells were seeded at a concentration of 1*105 cells/mL in a culture flask and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% antibiotic mix (penicillin, streptomycin) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. The cytotoxic effect of PM 2.5 in AGS, HepG2 cells were evaluated by MTT, CCK8 assays. AGS, HepG2 cells were incubated in 96 well plates for 24h then treated with different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg ) of Bayankhoshuu, Buhiin urguu, and Zaisan samples for 24h, respectively. Results: Concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 μg/ml of samples collected from the Bukhiin urguu and Zaisan in March increased HepG2 cell growth, while doses of 25, 50 μg/ml of samples collected from Bayankhoshuu in March and December increased HepG2 cell growth. Therefore, concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/ml of samples collected from Bayankhoshuu in March increased AGS cell growth, while concentrations of 25, 100 and μg/ml of samples collected in December increased AGS cell growth. However, no cytotoxic effect was observed in the sample collected from Zaisan in March, whereas the PM2.5 sample enhanced AGS cell growth in dose dependent manner in December.(p <0.05) Conclusion High levels of heavy metals were detected in samples collected in December from Bayankhoshuu, Bukhiin urguu and Zaisan of Ulaanbaatar. Concentration of 25 μg/ml of samples collected from the Bukhiin urguu and Zaisan in March increased HepG2 cell growth. Concentrations of 25 μg/ml of PM2.5 collected from three regions around Ulaanbaatar increased HepG2 and AGS cell migration.

Introduction: Preeclampsia, which affects about 2-8% of pregnancies, is major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. In Mongolia, preeclampsia and eclampsia occurred among pregnancy complications about 25% in recent years. There is a percentage for a cause of maternal death was 17.7% in preeclampsia and eclampsia between 2012 and 2015 in Mongolia.
Effective prediction of preeclampsia can be achieved at 11-13 week’s gestation by combination of maternal characteristics, mean arterial pressure (MAP), uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA PI), maternal serum placental growth factor (PlGF), and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). Goal: To investigate plasma concentration of PIGF and PAPP-A, in pregnant women at 11-13+6 of gestation for screening of preeclampsia, To examine the performance of first-trimester screening for preeclampsia based on maternal characteristics, MAP, and mUt.A-PI. Materials and Methods : The study conducted among 393 single pregnant women at 11-13+6 weeks, who were visiting antenatal care services, between March, 2015 and June, 2017. The prospective Cohort research method was used for this study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Maternal plasma PAPP-A, PlGF were determined using Perkin Elmer kits by fluoroimmunoassay.
Measurement of MAP was by validated automated devices (HEM-7120, Оmron, Japan). MAP was calculated from the formula DP + 1/3*(SP-DP), where DP represents diastolic blood pressure and SP- systolic blood pressure. Trans-abdominal ultrasound (Voluson E8, GE, USA) examination was carried out for Ut.A-PI. Results: In the study population, there were 66 (16.8%) cases that experienced preeclampsia and 327 (83.2%) cases that were unaffected by preeclampsia. The result showed that the mean concentration of PlGF was 38.6±19.6 pg/ml in PE group whereas the mean was 45.1±24.0 pg/ml in normal pregnant women. Level of PAPP-A was 366.1±195.3 mU/L in group with PE, 633.6±496.9 mU/L in group without preeclampsia.
The best Youden’s index and area under the curve (AUC) for MAP and mUt.A-PI were as a predictor of PE. It can be shown that the cutoff point for MAP was 89.5 mmHg (sensitivity-71.2%; specificity-75.5% J-0.467; AUC-0.792; P<0.001). The cutoff point of mUt.A-PI was 2.34 (sensitivity-33.3%; specificity-77.7% J-0.12; AUC-0.577; P<0.001). Conclusions The concentration of PIGF and PAPP-A in pregnant women with preeclampsia at 11-13+6 of gestation was lower than normal pregnant women. The detection risk of PE by MAP is more accurate than the mUtA-PI measurement.

BackgroundLeptin is a mediator of long-term regulation of energy balance, suppressing food intake and therebyinducing weight loss.GoalThe main goal of our study was the analyzing of serum leptin level in correlation with some influencingfactors in adults with metabolic syndrome.Materials and MethodsWe included 260 randomly selected people aged 18-72 years old; among them 105 had metabolicsyndrome which was identified by the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. All participantsunderwent general medical examinations and signed a written consent paper. Fasting blood glucose,triglyceride, HDL-C, insulin, adiponectin, leptin level were measured in fasting blood serum and insulinresistance was calculated as a HOMA-IR model.ResultsAverage level of leptin for participants with MS was 16.44±14.21ng/ml, in participants without MS was9.59±12.69ng/ml. MS exposed group had much higher level of leptin than the control group (p<0.001).Leptin level was correlated with waist circumference (β=-0.253±0.1; p=0.013), and body mass index(β=1.778±0.274; p<0.001).ConclusionLeptin level in the MS exposed group were higher than in the control group. The level of leptin had aconsistent and significant correlation with body mass index and waist circumference in compare to otherinfluencing factors.

BackgroundSchoolchildren spent most of time in school and the school environment is one of several settings thatcan influence children’s food choices and eating habits. Schools can ensure that the available food andbeverage options are healthy and help young people eat food that meets dietary recommendations forfruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nonfat or low-fat dairy products.GoalTo assess quality of common foods and diet in school environmentsObjectives:1. Define food items and groups in school environment;2. laboratory analysis in sample foods on “School lunch” and around school environmentMaterial and MethodsThirty public and private schools from six districts of city of UB were randomly selected from a list of allschools. Laboratory tests were analyzed total 250 samples from school canteens and within 250 metersdistances around sampled schools.ResultSchoolchildren are exposed to a wide range of unhealthy food and beverages in the school environmentand healthier food and drink’s choices are very limited in these settings. The high availability of differentvarieties of unhealthy food and drinks at affordable prices makes these products the most preferablechoices for children. Overall, 46.5 percent of schoolchildren were served in school canteen and 33.9percent of schoolchildren were served outside of schools including shops and buffet. Main factors of foodchoice were first, like eating (30.2%), food price (27.8%), hungry (16.7%) and food advertisement was6.3% among schoolchildren. Most of common foods (92.5%) were analyzed with high in salt, sugar andlow content of vitamins and minerals around school environment. There was very high sugar content per100 gram products for instance, “Batos” ice-cream 22.75 gr, “Iberry” ice cream 14.05 gr and, “Granat”juice 1364 gr. In addition, fat content is also high in schoolchildren’s common food consumption. Fatcontent tested 31.4gr in chips and 30.6 gr in pie, cake and 26.9 gr in biscuits per 100 gr products.

INTRODUCTION: The PGC-1 gene is located on chromosome 4 p.15.1 in humans and encodes a protein containing 798 amino acids. As PGC-1a regulates multiple aspects of energy metabolism, it is not surprising that PGC-1a has been found to be deregulated in several pathological conditions. Might be associated with type 2 diabetes because PGC-1, besides being a coactivator of PPAR a and b, has a critical role in glucose uptake and adaptive thermogenesis. Addition, a common polymorphism of the PGC-1 gene Gly482Ser, which apparently reduces PGC-1 activity, has been linked to increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Association has also been reported between the Gly482Ser substitution and insulin resistance in Japanese subjects. Similar reduction of PGC-1 expression was also observed in the adipose tissue of insulin-resistant and morbidly obese individuals. Previous studies have reported significant association between the Gly482Ser missense mutation of the PGC-1 gene and reduced insulin sensitivity in obese subjects. This association resulted independent from all other known modulators of insulin resistance, and suggests a primary role for the PGC-1 gene on the genetic susceptibility to insulin resistance in obesity.GOAL: To study the presence of PGC-1 gene Gly482Ser polymorphism in people with Metabolic syndrome and study the relation to serum insulin level and insulin resistance.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population comprised 302 unrelated Mongolian subjects (158 with metabolic syndrome and 144 controls). MS was determined by IDF (International Diabetes Federation) criteria. The genotypes for polymorphism of candidate gene related to MS were determined using a RFLP analysis of the MspI digest of the PCR product. We determined serum insulin by ELISA, using Eucardio Company’s kit and insulin resistance was defined by the HOMA-IR formula.RESULT: 33.4% (48) of control group had GG, 47.2% (68) had GS and 19.4% (28) had SS genotypes of PGC-1 gene. 51.9% (82) of people with MS had GG, 35.4% (56) had GS and 12.7% (20) had SS genotypes. The prevalence of G allele in people with MS was 69.6%, which is much higher than healthy group. Insulin and HOMA-IR of MS group were higher than compared to healthy group (p<0.05). HOMA-IR was lower in people with GS genotype comparing to GG and SS in people with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUTIONS: 1. People with MS had higher levels of serum insulin (p<0.013) and insulin resistance (p<0.004) in compare to healthy people. 2. 69.6 percentages of the people with MS had G allele, which was 2.2 times more than those without metabolic syndrome.3. People with MS who carry SS genotype had higher levels of serum insulin (p=0.02) and insulin resistance (p=0.008) than people without MS. Insulin resistance was significantly correlated (r=0.302, p<0.001) with hypertension in people with G allele.

Introduction. The metabolic syndrome is related to increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease andtype 2 diabetes. Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-specific collagen-like factor, which is abundant in plasma, anda decrease of adiponectin is associated with obesity and type-2 diabetes.Goal. This study aimed to determine the ADIPOQ gene -11377 polymorphism in association with plasmaadiponectin level and risk factors of metabolic syndrome.Materials and Methods. We investigated adiponectin gene -11377C>G polymorphism in 156 subjects withmetabolic syndrome and 142 healthy control subjects. The -11377C>G polymorphic locus was amplified using theforward primer 5’-ACTTGCCCTGCCTCTGTCTG-3’ and the reverse primer, 5-CCTGGAGAACTGGAAGCTG-3’.A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results. Adiponectin level positively correlated with age, but correlated negatively with TG, waist circumference,waist hip ratio, diastolic blood pressure, weight and BMI (p < 0.05). With genotype CG and GG (6.57±3.09ng/ml) of -11377C>G had lower levels of serum adiponectin than those with the genotype CC (7.38±3.68ng/ml) butno significant difference in people with MS (p=0.157). Therefore with genotype CG and GG (168.56±113.31mg/dl) of -11377C>G had higher levels of serum triglycerides than those with the genotype CC (132.94±74.78mg/dl) significant difference in people with MS (OR=1.006, p=0.015). With CG and GG (75.04±12.49mg/dl) of-11377C>G had significantly higher glucose level compared to with the genotype CC (68.85±11.76mg/dl) inwithout MS (OR=1.071, p=0.017).Сonclusions.1. ADIPOQ gene -11377>G polymorphism of the adiponectin gene was found not to be related to adiponectinlevel (p=0.157).2. -11377C>G polymorphism was related to the metabolic syndrome susceptibility, and this polymorphismimpacted on circulating triglyceride and glucose concentrations.

Introduction: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia,low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), increase blood pressure and raise fasting plasma glucose. ThePGC-1α gene is located on chromosome 4 p.15.1 in humans and encodes a protein containing 798amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional coactivator that regulates thegenes involved in energy metabolism. PPARγ, a coactivator molecule recently identified based on itsability to interact with PPARγ, is involved in many important metabolic processes, including adaptivethermogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid β–oxidation.Goal: To study the frequency of PGC-1α Gly482Ser polymorphism in people with MS in relation to therisk factors of the MS.Materials and methods: The study population comprised 302 unrelated Mongolian subjects (158 withmetabolic syndrome and 144 controls). The genotypes for polymorphism of candidate gene related toMS were determined using a RFLP analysis of the MspI digest of the PCR product.Result: From the control group, 33.4% (48) had GG, 47.2% (68) had GS and 19.4% (28) had SSgenotypes. 51.9% (82) of people with MS had GG, 35.4% (56) had GS and 12.7% (20) had SSgenotypes. The prevalence of G allele in people with MS was 69.6%, which is much higher than healthygroup. Comparing PGC-1α Gly482Ser GG, GS and SS genotypes with systolic arterial blood pressurerevealed statistically significant difference which was higher among subjects with GG genotype. Theblood pressure of people with MS and carrying GG genotype of PGC-1α Gly482Ser polymorphismwas significantly increased 2.35 times than people without MS.Conclusions:1. 69.6 percentages of the people with MS had G allele and 2.2 times more than those withoutmetabolic syndrome.2. We determined that the odds ratio for the high blood pressure and it was 2.35 times higher inpeople with GG allele of Gly482Ser carriers than GS and SS alleles carriers (OR = 2.35, p =0.012).

Background. A large number of longitudinal studies indicate significantly increased risk of cardiovascular events and death in people with the MetSyn and high plasma levels of triglycerides are an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) gene, a new member of the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster, was identified by comparative sequencing of human and mice DNA by Pennacchio and co-workers in 2001. Since this discovery, variants of ApoA5 gene have been independently assiociated with level of plasma triglyceride in many countries. Human ApoA5 is expressed in the liver then appears in plasma in association with VLDL and HDL and plays a major role in TG catabolism. Variant at ApoA5 gene locus, 1177C>T is located in 3’ UTR which often contains regulatory regions that influence post-transcriptional gene expression. One alteration can be responsible for the altered expression of many genes. Materials and Methods. 152 people with MS for case group and 152 people for control group were selected in this study. MS was diagnosed according to IDF criteria and serum triglyceride levels were determined. DNA from both case and control subjects were extracted from blood samples (200 ml) using “G-spin™ Total DNA Extraction Kit”(iNtRON Biotechnology, Inc). To detect the 1177C>T variation of ApoA5 gene, using High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kits, a forward primer 5’-CTCTGAGCCTCTAGCATGGTTGAGT- 3’ and the mismatch reverse primer 5’-GAGCATTCCCAAATGAGCAC-3’ were used to create the HinfI restriction site. Results. There were 304 total subjects included males 50.3% (153) and female 49.7% (151) in our study. Incident of CC genotype was 71.1% (216), CT genotype was 25% (76) and TT genotype was 3.9%, TAG level was higher in males than females in both groups (p=0.016, ð=0.001) for CC genotype and also, higher with MS in males for CT genotype (p=). But, TAG level was no significant difference among three genotypes in group with MS subjects (male p=0.236, female p=0.881). Conclusion: The TT genotype of the ApoA5 gene 1177C>T polymorphism frequency was 2.9% in control subjects and 4.9% in subjects with MS. However, TG level was not differ in both groups for TT genotype, TAG level in males was higher compared with females (p=0.016 in control, p=0.001 in group with MS).