Objective:To compile a questionnaire on influencing factors of hand hygiene compliance of nursing staff, and test its reliability and validity.Methods:Based on the theory of planned behavior, the initial questionnaire was formed through literature search and semi-structured interview. A questionnaire on influencing factors of hand hygiene compliance among nursing staff was formed through expert consultation and pre-test. From March to June 2023, a total of 204 nurses from Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University were enrolled by the convenient sampling method, and the questionnaire was distributed for investigation. A total of 198 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective recovery rate of 97.06% (198/204). Content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and retest reliability were used to evaluate the reliability and validity of the questionnaire.Results:The final questionnaire on the influencing factors of hand hygiene compliance among nursing staff was developed, consisting of four dimensions (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention) and 32 items. The content validity of the questionnaire items was 0.83 to 1.00, and the content validity of the scale was 0.98. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fit well. The Cronbach's α of the questionnaire was 0.823, and the retest reliability was 0.819.Conclusions:The questionnaire has good reliability and validity, which provides a measurement tool for effectively evaluating the influencing factors of hand hygiene compliance behavior among nursing staff.

Background/Aims: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays a central role in cellular defense against inflammatory insults, and its induction in macrophages potentiates their efferocytic activity. In this study, we explored the potential role of macrophage HO-1 in the resolution of experimentally induced colitis. Methods: To induce colitis, male C57BL/6 mice were treated with 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in the drinking water for 7 days. To investigate efferocytosis, apoptotic colon epithelial CCD 841 CoN cells were coincubated with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Results: Administration of the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) blunted the resolution of DSS-induced intestinal inflammation and expression of the proresolving M2 macrophage marker CD206. BMDMs treated with apoptotic colonic epithelial cells showed significantly elevated expression of HO-1 and its regulator Nrf2. Under the same experimental conditions, the proportion of CD206-expressing macrophages was also enhanced. ZnPP treatment abrogated the upregulation of CD206 expression in BMDMs engulfing apoptotic colonic epithelial cells. This result was verified with BMDMs isolated from HO-1-knockout mice. BMDMs, when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, exhibited increased expression of CD86, a marker of M1 macrophages.Coculture of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BMDMs with apoptotic colonic epithelial cell debris dampened the expression of CD86 as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines in an HO-1-dependent manner. Genetic ablation as well as pharmacologic inhibition of HO-1 significantly reduced the proportion of efferocytic BMDMs expressing the scavenger receptor CD36. Conclusions HO-1 plays a key role in the resolution of experimentally induced colitis by modulating the polarization of macrophages.