Primary lung cancer is the most common malignant disease and the leading cause of cancer death in China, with an estimated 828 thousand incident cases and 657 thousand deaths in 2016. Due to the absence of effective early screening methods, most patients with lung cancer are in stage Ⅳ when diagnosed. Multi-disciplinary treatment based on systemic therapy is the treatment principle for patients with stage Ⅳ lung cancer, chemotherapy is the cornerstone of stage Ⅳ lung cancer, but its efficacy is unsatisfactory. In recent years, with the rapid development of molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the treatment concept has continuously changed and treatment outcome for patients has also been greatly improved. In order to update the progress in the treatment of stage Ⅳ lung cancer worldwide timely, and further improve the level of standardized diagnosis and treatment of stage Ⅳ lung cancer in China, Chinese Association for Clinical Oncologists and Medical Oncology Branch of Chinese International Exchange and Promotion Association for Medical and Healthcare organized experts to compose "Clinical Practice Guideline for Stage Ⅳ Primary Lung Cancer in China (2023 edition)" .
Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Immunotherapy ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; China/epidemiology* ; Medical Oncology

In real-time ultrasound,molecular targeted contrast agent is introduced into the blood circulation through peripheral intravenous injection to enhance the imaging signal of target lesions after binding to the corresponding intravascular receptors,which can realize early diagnosis,staging of diseases,assessment of treatment response,and targeted treatment.In addition,molecular targeted ultrasound contrast agents provide a platform for the delivery of drugs and genes via microbubbles,and nanoscale contrast agents can be infiltrated through vascular endothelium into the interstitial space of the lesion for imaging or treatment.The available studies of molecular targeted ultrasound contrast agents mainly focus on the preclinical trials.Some clinical trials have been conducted in humans and preliminarily confirm the safety and feasibility of targeted ultrasound contrast agents.The molecular targeted ultrasound contrast agents enjoy a broad prospect in clinical application.
Humans ; Contrast Media/chemistry* ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Ultrasonography/methods* ; Diagnostic Imaging

As lung cancer targeted therapy and immunotherapy drugs are the current hot spot in the research and development area of new anti-tumor drugs, the amount of clinical trial in this area is increasing year by year. On the basis of combing the on-site inspections of drug registration clinical trials from 2019 to 2021, combined with the characteristics of lung cancer targeted therapy and immunotherapy drugs, this paper discusses the focus of on-site inspection of clinical trials of such drugs, and puts forward suggestions for the compliant implementation of lung cancer clinical trials.
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Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use* ; Immunotherapy ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Molecular Targeted Therapy

Lung cancer is the most lethal malignancy around the world and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of all cases. Most of the NSCLC patients has "driver gene mutations" and targeted therapy achieved a relatively good efficacy, but some patients progressed or relapsed after treatment. Previous studies demonstrated that immune checkpoint inhibitor could improve the prognosis of advanced-stage NSCLC and prolong the survival time. However, the efficacy of immune therapy varies in NSCLC patients with different immune and molecular features. The efficacy of immune therapy was controversial in NSCLC patients with driver gene mutation. The present review will summarize the immune characteristics of NSCLC patients with driver mutation and the directions of immunotherapy for patients with driver mutation.
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Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy* ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy* ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Mutation

Lung cancer is a highly vascular tumors, over the past ten years, anti-angiogenes is has been proved to be an effective and highly promising combinational treatment. The data of the combination of anti-angiogenesis with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy has been constantly updating. Advanced lung cancer patients, no matter different groups or different stages of the disease, are benefited from anti-angiogenes. In this paper, based on the clinical status and unsolved problems, combined with the latest clinical and translational research data, we reviewed the current anti-angiogenesis treatment of lung cancer.
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Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy*

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become an important means of cancer treatment, and their application in the clinic is becoming more and more widespread. The adverse reactions caused by ICIs are gradually recognized. Among them, immunotherapy-related diabetes is a rare adverse reaction and type 1 diabetes mellitusis common. With the wide application of ICIs combined with chemotherapy in lung cancer patients, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have gradually been discovered during the treatment. However, the effect of continued use of ICIs maintenance therapy on blood glucose and ICIs treatment process in these patients is still unclear. This article reports two cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor combined with chemotherapy, one of whom converted to type 1 diabetes mellitus, in order to increase the understanding of immunotherapy-related diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ; Immunotherapy/adverse effects* ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy* ; Molecular Targeted Therapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high incidence and low five-year survival rate in China. There is a lack of effective therapeutic approaches available for unresectable patients with advanced HCC. Recently, the development of targeted and immunotherapy agents and their application in the therapy of various solid tumors have brought new options and benefits to patients with advanced HCC. Companion diagnostics (CDx) emerged with the development of targeted agents, and its roles in selecting eligible patients for specific targeted/immunotherapy agents and improving prognosis are getting more prominent. This article focuses on the CDx technologies and applications related to HCC targeting and immunotherapy, in order to provide inspiration for the precise diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology* ; Liver Neoplasms/pathology* ; Immunotherapy ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use* ; Molecular Targeted Therapy

Primary lung cancer is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer death in China, with an estimated 787 thousands incident cases and 631 thousands deaths in 2015. Due to its aggressive behavior and the absence of effective early screening methods, most patients with lung cancer in China are in stage Ⅳ when diagnosed. Chemotherapy is the cornerstone of stage Ⅳ lung cancer, but its efficacy is unsatisfactory. In recent years, with the rapid development of molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the treatment concept has continuously changed and survival for patients has also been greatly improved. In order to update the progress in the treatment of stage Ⅳ lung cancer worldwide timely, and further improve the level of standardized diagnosis and treatment of stage Ⅳ lung cancer in China, Chinese Association for Clinical Oncologists and Medical Oncology Branch of Chinese International Exchange and Promotion Association for Medical and Healthcare organized experts to formulate "Clinical Practice Guideline for Stage Ⅳ Primary Lung Cancer in China(2021 version)" .
China ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy* ; Medical Oncology ; Molecular Targeted Therapy

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer with a heterogeneous genetic profile. Chemotherapy exhibits substantial activity in a small subset of these patients. Drug resistance is inevitable. Major progress has been made in the genetic analysis of TNBC to identify novel targets and increase the precision of therapeutic intervention. Such progress has translated into major advances in treatment strategies, including modified chemotherapy approaches, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and targeted therapeutic drugs. All of these strategies have been evaluated in clinical trials. Nevertheless, patient selection remains a considerable challenge in clinical practice.
Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/genetics*

The development and progression of most cancers have been well recognized as the result of highly activated cell cycle. Cyclin dependent kinase 4/6 plays important roles not only in mitosis, but also in multiple biological processes that contribute to cancer development, such as aging, apoptosis and histone modification. Three FDA approved CDK4/6 inhibitors, Palbociclib, Ribociclib and Abemaciclib, have been used as targeted cancer therapeutic agents to benefit patients with endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer and other types of cancer, prolonging their survival. However, the clinical application of these inhibitors also leads to acquired drug resistance and other problems. This paper reviews the regulatory roles of CDK4/6, the application of CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer and the challenge of drug resistance.
Breast Neoplasms ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/therapeutic use* ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/therapeutic use* ; Female ; Humans ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Signal Transduction