Objective To evaluate the application value of hydrogel in image guided radiotherapy(IGRT)for prostate cancer(PCa).Methods Eighty PCa patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from October 2022 to February 2023 were collected.The patients were divided into experiment group injected with hydrogel(n=33)and control group without hydrogel(n=47)by central random system allocation.The acute and advanced radiation proctitis(RP)incidence rate of the two groups were compared.Patients in experimental group were divided into RP group(n=5)and non-RP group(n=28).The independent risk factors leading to RP were analyzed by using logistic regression for PCa patients.Results In experiment group,12.1％(4/33)of the patients developed acute grade Ⅰ RP,and 3.0％(1/33)developed advanced grade Ⅰ RP.In control group,31.9％(15/47)of the patients developed acute grade Ⅰ RP,and 12.8％(6/47)developed acute grade Ⅱ RP;19.1％(9/47)of patients developed advanced grade Ⅰ RP,4.3％(2/47)developed advanced grade Ⅱ RP,and 2.1％(1/47)developed advanced grade Ⅲ RP.The incidence of acute and advanced RP in experiment group was lower than that in control group(P<0.05).The application of hydrogel effectively reduced rectal toxicity.Age,rectal volume,V70 and V78 were independent risk factors for the incidence of RP in Pca patients(P<0.05).The characteristics of hydrogel injection were not related to the incidence of RP for Pca patients.Conclusions Hydrogel can effectively reduce the rectal toxicity for Pca patients in IGRT and has little impact on the overall treatment.Hydrogel has certain clinical application and promotion value.

ObjectiveOvarian cancer is the third most common gynecologic cancer worldwide， with the second highest mortality rate among gynecologic cancers， and age-standardized rates are gradually increasing in many low- and middle-income countries. At present， its etiology and pathogenesis are not clear. There are no obvious symptoms in the early stage， and when the symptoms become obvious， it often indicates the advanced stage. The 5-year survival rate of the advanced stage is only 17%， which poses a great threat to women's health. Therefore， an in-depth study of the etiology and pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is very important to the exploration of prevention and treatment methods for ovarian cancer. Based on the clinical characteristics of ovarian cancer in traditional Chinese and Western medicine， and combined with the existing evaluation methods of animal models， this study evaluated the animal model of ovarian cancer， and provided analysis and suggestions. MethodThis study searched China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang data， VIP information database， and PubMed database using the keywords "ovarian cancer" and "animal model"， excluded the articles that did not meet the criteria， and then classified the remaining studies. Combined with the clinical diagnostic criteria of Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation， the related indicators of ovarian cancer animal models were assigned and the degree of agreement was evaluated. ResultThe use of the transplanted animal model exhibited the highest frequency， followed by that of the induced model. The degree of agreement of traditional Chinese medicine for each model was lower than that of Western medicine. The induced ovarian cancer model had a high degree of clinical agreement and was similar to human ovarian cancer in terms of tumor growth pattern， disease progression and complications， which is an ideal animal model of ovarian cancer. Although this animal model can simulate the etiology and pathogenesis of ovarian cancer to a certain extent and reflect some indicators of traditional Chinese and Western medicine， it lacks differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes. ConclusionOn the basis of the original model， the animal model of ovarian cancer was added with Qi deficiency syndrome， blood deficiency syndrome， Qi stagnation syndrome， blood stasis syndrome， heat-toxin syndrome， and Yang deficiency syndrome to establish an animal model combining traditional Chinese medicine disease and syndrome of ovarian cancer， which could better simulate the clinical actual situation of traditional Chinese and Western medicine and lay a solid foundation for the study of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, with a high rate of recurrence and mortality, which is the ninth most common malignancy globally. Cystoscopy remains the gold standard for clinical bladder cancer diagnosis, but its invasive nature can lead to bacterial infection and inflammation. Urine cytology is a non-invasive and simple diagnostic method, but it has lower sensitivity in detecting low-grade bladder cancer and may yield false negative results. Therefore, identifying ideal diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of bladder cancer. Aptamers, characterized as single-stranded DNA or RNA with unique three-dimensional conformations, exhibit the ability to identify various targets, ranging from small molecules to tumor cells. Aptamers, also known as chemical antibodies, are generated by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) process and can function similarly to traditional antibodies. They hold numerous advantages over antibodies, such as ease of modification, low immunogenicity, and rapid tissue penetration and cell internalization due to their nucleic acid molecule structure. Since their discovery in the 1990s, aptamers have been widely used in biochemical analysis, disease detection, new drug research and other fields. This article provides an overview of aptamer selection and characterization for bladder cancer, discussing the research advancements involving aptamers in diagnosing and treating this disease. It covers aptamers obtained through different SELEX methods, including protein-SELEX, cell-SELEX, tissue-SELEX, and aptamers from other cancer SELEX; the detection in blood samples and urine samples; and application in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Currently, several aptamers capable of identifying bladder cancer have been generated, serving as molecular probes that have played a pivotal role in the early detection and treatment of bladder cancer. Bladder cancer perfusion therapy is well-suited for aptamer drug therapy because it does not require internal circulation, making it a suitable clinical indication for aptamer drug development. In addition, bladder cancer can be detected and monitored by collecting urine samples from patients, making it a preferred disease for clinical conversion of aptamers. While aptamers show promise, there is still much room for development compared with antibodies. There are still many clinically applied cancer biomarkers without corresponding aptamers, and more aptamers targeting different biomarkers should be selected and optimized to improve the sensitivity and accuracy for cancer detection and therapy. The field of aptamers urgently needs successful commercial products to promote its development, and home rapid detection/monitoring, imaging and targeted therapy of bladder cancer by infusion may be the breakthrough point for future application of aptamers.

To analyze the host factors affecting the drug resistance of Helicobacter pylori (Hp).

Objective To investigate the effects of remifentanil and dexmedetomidine controlled hypotension on coagulation function,cerebral oxygen metabolism and amino acid neurotransmitter levels in elderly patients undergoing orthopedic surgery.Methods The elderly patients who underwent lower extremity orthopedic surgery were divided into group A(given dexmedetomidine for hypotension),group B(given remifentanil for hypotension)and group C(given remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine for hypotension)according to different anesthetic drugs.Systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP)and heart rate(HR)were compared among the 3 groups.Cerebral oxygen metabolism[arterial oxygen content,(CaO2),oxygen saturation of internal jugular vein(SjvO2),oxygen content of internal jugular vein(CjvO2)],coagulation function[activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT),prothrombin time(PT),thrombin time(TT),plasma fibrinogen(FIB)],amino acid neurotransmitters[glutamic acid(Glu),aspartate(Asp),gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)]were compared,and the occurrence of adverse drug reactions during the trial were compared.Results At 12 h after anesthesia,the APTT of group A,group B and group C were(17.26±2.77),(17.37±2.92)and(31.11±4.74)s,respectively.GABA were(18.74±2.71),(19.22±2.60)and(23.37±2.59)mmol·L-1,respectively.3 min after withdrawal,CaO2 in group A,group B and group C were(139.31±9.03),(140.90±8.70)and(131.75±10.11)mL·L-1,respectively;SjvO2 were(63.59±2.23)％,(63.40±2.44)％and(68.82±3.36)％,respectively.The above indexes of group C were compared with those of group A and group B,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).The incidence of adverse drug reactions in group A,B and C were 12.82％,27.50％and 7.32％,respectively.The incidence of adverse drug reactions in group C were lower than that in group A and group B(P＜0.05).Conclusion Remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine for controlled hypotension in elderly orthopedic surgery has better blood pressure control effect,can improve postoperative coagulation function,maintain cerebral oxygen metabolism balance,reduce cognitive function injury and anesthesia adverse drug reactions.

Objective To explore characteristics of clinical parameters and cytokines in patients with drug-induced liver injury(DILI)caused by different drugs and their correlation with clinical indicators. Method The study was conducted on patients who were up to Review of Uncertainties in Confidence Assessment for Medical Tests(RUCAM)scoring criteria and clinically diagnosed with DILI.Based on Chinese herbal medicine,cardiovascular drugs,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs),anti-infective drugs,and other drugs,patients were divided into five groups.Cytokines were measured by Luminex technology.Baseline characteristics of clinical biochemical indicators and cytokines in DILI patients and their correlation were analyzed. Results 73 patients were enrolled.Age among five groups was statistically different(P=0.032).Alanine aminotransferase(ALT)(P=0.033)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)(P=0.007)in NSAIDs group were higher than those in chinese herbal medicine group.Interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)in patients with Chinese herbal medicine(IL-6:P<0.001;TNF-α:P<0.001)and cardiovascular medicine(IL-6:P=0.020;TNF-α:P=0.001)were lower than those in NSAIDs group.There was a positive correlation between ALT(r=0.697,P=0.025),AST(r=0.721,P=0.019),and IL-6 in NSAIDs group. Conclusion Older age may be more prone to DILI.Patients with NSAIDs have more severe liver damage in early stages of DILI,TNF-α and IL-6 may partake the inflammatory process of DILI.

G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 40, as one of GPRs family, plays a potential role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. To study the effect of GPR40 novel agonist SZZ15-11 on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia and its potential mechanism, spontaneous type 2 diabetic KKA^y mice, human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and murine mature adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells were used. KKA^y mice were divided into four groups, vehicle group, TAK group, SZZ (50 mg·kg^-1) group and SZZ (100 mg·kg^-1) group, with oral gavage of 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), 50 mg·kg^-1 TAK875, 50 and 100 mg·kg^-1 SZZ15-11 respectively for 45 days. Fasting blood glucose, blood triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), non-fasting blood glucose were tested. Oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were executed. Blood insulin and glucagon were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After mice′s execution, liver tissue was harvested to test TG and TC content. Then pathological morphology of liver was observed through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the lipid metabolism relative signal pathway was analyzed by Western blot and RT-PCR. The experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. At the same time, Akt phosphorylation level in HepG2 cells and adiponectin in 3T3-L1 cells treated with TNFα were measured with Western blot. The results show that SZZ15-11 not only decreased blood glucose and lipid, improved insulin sensitivity, but also increased fasting blood glucagon and promoted insulin secretion after glucose loading in KKA^y mice. Additionally, SZZ15-11 alleviated hepatic steatosis and liver dysfunction in KKA^y mice. In liver tissue, SZZ15-11 increased AMPKα phosphorylation level and cholesterol metabolism relative gene Abcg8 transcription. In HepG2 cells, SZZ15-11 increased Akt phosphorylation level. In adipocyte 3T3-L1, SZZ15-11 recovered the decreased adiponectin expression by TNFα. This study proved that GPR40 agonist SZZ15-11 could be a candidate compound for regulating glucolipid metabolic disorder.

The abuse of novel phenylcyclohexylpyridine drugs poses a significant threat to societal safety. The novel psychoactive substance 2-methyl-deschloroketamine (2-MDCK), belonging to the phenylcyclohexylpyridine class, has recently surfaced as a new compound. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding its metabolic pathways and the identification of suitable biomarkers. In this study, a human liver microsomal model was established, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) technology was applied to investigate the in vitro metabolism and products of 2-MDCK. The results indicate that 2-MDCK undergoes various metabolic reactions, including dehydrogenation, deamination, hydroxylation, and demethylation, leading to the formation of eight metabolites. By conducting actual testing on hair samples from 2-MDCK abusers, the existence of six metabolites was confirmed. Comparing the metabolic products in the liver microsomal in vitro model, M3.1 and M4.1 were identified as biomarkers for 2-MDCK consumption. Five samples of abusers of 2-methyl-dechloroketamine were provided by the Anti-Drug Brigade of the Hangzhou Public Security Bureau. Negative hair samples were provided by laboratory volunteers, and all samples were obtained with the informed consent of the volunteers. These findings provide a scientific basis for the detection and identification of 2-MDCK and its metabolites, as well as crucial support for the study of the metabolic mechanisms of similar novel psychoactive substances in the phenylcyclohexylpyridine class. This research holds significant importance in addressing the issue of abuse of new psychoactive substances.

Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis(PEP)is one of the most common complications after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP).Numerous PEP prediction models have been established based on different statistical methods at home and abroad.The PEP prediction model,as a tool for evaluating and screening high-risk populations,can provide a basis for medical staff to find high-risk PEP patients early and take effective preventive measures.In recent years,new PEP prediction models have appeared one after another,but there is still a lack of recognized reliable prediction models in clinic.This article reviews the research status of PEP risk prediction models,aim to provide a direction for establishing a more reliable,accurate,and practical PEP risk prediction model in the later period.