Immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibody–drug conjugates are increasingly incorporated into the clinical management of advanced urothelial carcinoma. The immunohistochemical detection of relevant biomarkers facilitates the selection of individualized precision therapies and supports the prediction of therapeutic efficacy. This review summarizes biomarkers associated with the treatment of urothelial carcinoma and the methodologies and clinical applications of immunohistochemical testing, focusing on the correlation between biomarker expression and the divergent differentiation or histological subtypes of urothelial carcinoma.

Purpose To evaluate the subclassifications of pT2 diseases in tumor-nodes-metastases ( TNM) staging system for prostate cancer. Methods A retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy ( RP) with the diag-nosis of clinically localized PCa was conducted. Any preoperative therapies, in terms of active surveillance, hormone therapy or radia-tion were exclusion criteria. The RP specimens were completely embedded and histopathologically evaluated for extraprostatic exten-sion, seminal vesicle invasion and staged according to the 2002/2010 TNM staging criteria. Results Using current 2002/2010 TNM staging criteria, in all, 15 cases of the tumors were pT2, 10 cases were pT3a, and 5 cases were pT3a. When subclassification of pT2, 2 cases of the tumors were pT2a, 13 cases of the tumors were pT2c, and none was identified as a pathological T2b tumor. Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that the pathological substaging criteria of organ-confined prostate cancer via methods used in the current 2002/2010 TNM staging system may not be appropriate. Efforts should be made to upgrade the current TNM staging system for prostate cancer.