The prevalence of young-onset type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide along with the incidence of obesity, including in Korea. Compared with later onset type 2 diabetes, patients with young-onset type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of microvascular complication, macrovascular complication, and disease-related mortality. Thus, integrated attention and management of associated pathobiological, socioeconomic, and mental health factors are needed. Based on the very few evidence-based studies in management, in this review, we describe strategies for the integrated management for young-onset type 2 diabetes.

Vitamin D is one of the important factors in skeletal muscle and bone health, and has recently been associated to various metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. There have been studied of an association with vitamin D deficiency and various metabolic disease. However, results of the studies are not concluded. There are no unified recommendations on criteria, measurement, and preventive supplementation for vitamin D deficiency. Recently, the US Preventive Services Task Force in 2021 and the Endocrine Society in 2024 addressed including evaluation, treatment, and prevention for vitamin D deficiency. This review examines the screening and prevention of vitamin D deficiency according to recent guidelines.

The prevalence of young-onset type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide along with the incidence of obesity, including in Korea. Compared with later onset type 2 diabetes, patients with young-onset type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of microvascular complication, macrovascular complication, and disease-related mortality. Thus, integrated attention and management of associated pathobiological, socioeconomic, and mental health factors are needed. Based on the very few evidence-based studies in management, in this review, we describe strategies for the integrated management for young-onset type 2 diabetes.

Since the role of the liver in metabolic dysfunction, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, was demonstrated, studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have shown associations between fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Unlike the exclusionary diagnostic criteria of NAFLD, MAFLD diagnosis is based on the presence of metabolic dysregulation in fatty liver disease. Renaming NAFLD as MAFLD also introduced simpler diagnostic criteria. In 2023, a new nomenclature, steatotic liver disease (SLD), was proposed. Similar to MAFLD, SLD diagnosis is based on the presence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic dysfunction. SLD is categorized into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related/-associated liver disease, alcoholrelated liver disease, specific etiology SLD, and cryptogenic SLD. The term MASLD has been adopted by a number of leading national and international societies due to its concise diagnostic criteria, exclusion of other concomitant liver diseases, and lack of stigmatizing terms. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, clinical relevance, and differences among NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD from a diabetologist’s perspective and provides a rationale for adopting SLD/MASLD in the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association.

Vitamin D is one of the important factors in skeletal muscle and bone health, and has recently been associated to various metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. There have been studied of an association with vitamin D deficiency and various metabolic disease. However, results of the studies are not concluded. There are no unified recommendations on criteria, measurement, and preventive supplementation for vitamin D deficiency. Recently, the US Preventive Services Task Force in 2021 and the Endocrine Society in 2024 addressed including evaluation, treatment, and prevention for vitamin D deficiency. This review examines the screening and prevention of vitamin D deficiency according to recent guidelines.

Since the role of the liver in metabolic dysfunction, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, was demonstrated, studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have shown associations between fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Unlike the exclusionary diagnostic criteria of NAFLD, MAFLD diagnosis is based on the presence of metabolic dysregulation in fatty liver disease. Renaming NAFLD as MAFLD also introduced simpler diagnostic criteria. In 2023, a new nomenclature, steatotic liver disease (SLD), was proposed. Similar to MAFLD, SLD diagnosis is based on the presence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic dysfunction. SLD is categorized into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related/-associated liver disease, alcoholrelated liver disease, specific etiology SLD, and cryptogenic SLD. The term MASLD has been adopted by a number of leading national and international societies due to its concise diagnostic criteria, exclusion of other concomitant liver diseases, and lack of stigmatizing terms. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, clinical relevance, and differences among NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD from a diabetologist’s perspective and provides a rationale for adopting SLD/MASLD in the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association.

Since the role of the liver in metabolic dysfunction, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, was demonstrated, studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have shown associations between fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Unlike the exclusionary diagnostic criteria of NAFLD, MAFLD diagnosis is based on the presence of metabolic dysregulation in fatty liver disease. Renaming NAFLD as MAFLD also introduced simpler diagnostic criteria. In 2023, a new nomenclature, steatotic liver disease (SLD), was proposed. Similar to MAFLD, SLD diagnosis is based on the presence of hepatic steatosis with at least one cardiometabolic dysfunction. SLD is categorized into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related/-associated liver disease, alcoholrelated liver disease, specific etiology SLD, and cryptogenic SLD. The term MASLD has been adopted by a number of leading national and international societies due to its concise diagnostic criteria, exclusion of other concomitant liver diseases, and lack of stigmatizing terms. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, clinical relevance, and differences among NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD from a diabetologist’s perspective and provides a rationale for adopting SLD/MASLD in the Fatty Liver Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association.

The prevalence of young-onset type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide along with the incidence of obesity, including in Korea. Compared with later onset type 2 diabetes, patients with young-onset type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of microvascular complication, macrovascular complication, and disease-related mortality. Thus, integrated attention and management of associated pathobiological, socioeconomic, and mental health factors are needed. Based on the very few evidence-based studies in management, in this review, we describe strategies for the integrated management for young-onset type 2 diabetes.

Background: To investigate the prevalence, incidence, comorbidities, and management status of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetes-related end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in South Korea. Methods: We used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2019 to 2021, n=2,665) for the evaluation of prevalence, comorbidities, control rate of glycemia and comorbidities in DKD, and the Korean Health Insurance Service-customized database (2008 to 2019, n=3,950,857) for the evaluation of trends in the incidence and prevalence rate of diabetes-related ESKD, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors use for DKD, and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and mortality according to DKD stages. DKD was defined as albuminuria or low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in patients with diabetes mellitus. Results: The prevalence of DKD was 25.4% (albuminuria, 22.0%; low eGFR, 6.73%) in patients with diabetes mellitus aged ≥30 years. Patients with DKD had a higher rate of comorbidities, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and central obesity; however, their control rates were lower than those without DKD. Prescription rate of SGLT2 inhibitors with reduced eGFR increased steadily, reaching 5.94% in 2019. Approximately 70% of DKD patients were treated with RAS blockers. The prevalence rate of diabetesrelated ESKD has been steadily increasing, with a higher rate in older adults. ASCVD and mortality were significantly associated with an in increase in DKD stage. Conclusion DKD is prevalent among Korean patients with diabetes and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which requiring intensive management of diabetes and comorbidities. The prevalence of diabetes-related ESKD has been increasing, especially in the older adults, during past decade.

The prevalence of young-onset type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide along with the incidence of obesity, including in Korea. Compared with later onset type 2 diabetes, patients with young-onset type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of microvascular complication, macrovascular complication, and disease-related mortality. Thus, integrated attention and management of associated pathobiological, socioeconomic, and mental health factors are needed. Based on the very few evidence-based studies in management, in this review, we describe strategies for the integrated management for young-onset type 2 diabetes.