PURPOSE: This phenomenological study was done to explore in-depth understanding of the lived experience of primary caregivers of people with mental illness. METHODS: Participants were 7 primary caregivers and data were collected from November 2017 to February 2018. Giorgi's phenomenological method was used in this study. The caregiving experiences were categorized into separate types of situational structures in terms of specific and general descriptions. RESULTS: Six clusters and fourteen sub-clusters were identified. The 6 clusters were found to be ‘Embarrassing encounter with a disease’, ‘Sustained regret and self-defeating’, ‘Family life of constant oppression’, ‘Confinement of a mental illness’, ‘Nagging label of mental illness’, and ‘Recognizing the disease as a fate and taking courage’. CONCLUSION: The study findings emphasize the importance of both local and national support and the provision of information designed for primary caregivers of people with mental disability. Psychiatric nurses should understand and consider the growing number of increasing social prejudices, stigma, and caregiver burden so as to improve interpersonal relationships brought about by mental illness.
Caregivers ; Humans ; Mentally Disabled Persons ; Methods ; Prejudice ; Qualitative Research

PURPOSE: This phenomenological study was done to identify comprehensively and in depth the experience of overcoming internalized stigma in persons with psychiatric disabilities. METHODS: Data were collected from December 2015 to June 2016 with 10 persons who had psychiatric disabilities. The participants took part in interviews on their experiences of overcoming stigma. The collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi method. RESULTS: From the raw data obtained from the study participants, 12 themes and 5 theme clusters were identified. The 5 theme clusters were found to be ‘being locked up in one's own stigma’, ‘trying to escape from the self in constraints’, ‘overcoming oneself by oneself’, ‘getting to see the true self’, and ‘living the life desired’. CONCLUSION: Study findings indicate the necessity of developing a mediation program to reduce and overcome the internalized stigma in the persons with psychiatric disabilities. A national and social effort is necessary for persons with psychiatric disabilities to help them overcome the internalized stigma.
Humans ; Mentally Disabled Persons ; Methods ; Negotiating ; Qualitative Research ; Social Stigma ; United Nations

PURPOSE: This study aimed to verify the relationship between human rights sensitivity, advocacy attitudes, and advocacy interventions for mentally disabled people in psychiatric nurses and nursing students. METHODS: This is a descriptive study. Using questionnaires, data were collected from 206 participants who were recruited from one mental health institute, one general hospital, and one university in S city. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS/WIN 22. RESULTS: The mean age was 33.8±12.89. The mean scores of human rights sensitivity, advocacy attitudes, and advocacy intervention was 37.7±18.09, 53.7±5.67, and 47.4±7.08, respectively. Human rights sensitivity correlated significantly with advocacy attitudes (r=.25, p=.020) and advocacy intervention (r=.17, p=.015). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between advocacy attitudes and advocacy intervention (r=.44, p<.001). CONCLUSION: These findings highlight that advocacy attitudes and advocacy interventions for mentally disabled people could be improved by increasing human rights sensitivity. Tailored education programs will be effective in the field of mental health care services to increase human rights sensitivity.
Education ; Hospitals, General ; Human Rights* ; Humans* ; Mental Health ; Mentally Disabled Persons* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of the experience of maintaining employment for people with mental disabilities. METHODS: The research design was a descriptive design using Q-methodology, which is a method of measuring subjectivity. Twenty-one participants classified 34 selected Q-statements on a nine-point scale to create a normal distribution. The PC-QUANL software program(a factor analysis program for the Q technique) was used to analyze the Q-sort data. RESULTS: Three types were extracted that described different expressions of the experience of maintaining employment for people with mental disabilities; these types explained 52.3% of the total variance. Type I is ‘Workplace support’, Type II is ‘Self-management’, Type III is ‘Experience integration’. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide an understanding that there are different types of experiences for maintaining employment for people with mental disabilities and each type has certain characteristics. In future studies, it would be helpful to develop customized nursing interventions for psychiatric nurses while occupational rehabilitation services are being provided.
Employment* ; Humans ; Mentally Disabled Persons* ; Methods ; Nursing ; Q-Sort ; Rehabilitation ; Research Design

PURPOSE: This study was done to define and clarify the concept of resilience in people who are mentally disabled. METHODS: Rodgers' evolutionary approach to concept analysis was used to identify common attributes, antecedents, and consequences of the resilience of people who have mental disabilities. A literature search of the RISS, Kiss, CINAHL, PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus and PsycArticle databases from 1980 to 2016 was conducted, using the key words of ‘psychiatric disorder resilience’, and ‘mental illness resilience.’ Thirteen relevant articles and one book were finally selected and reviewed in depth. RESULTS: The concept analysis showed that, the attributes of resilience in people with mental disabilities were ‘flexibility’, ‘potentiality’, ‘strengthening’. The antecedents of resilience were psychiatric symptoms and perceived stigma. The consequences of resilience were understood to be recovery. CONCLUSION: The findings in this study indicate that it is important to provide preliminary knowledge necessary for mental health nurses to reinforce resilience in people with mental disabilities. There is also a need to develop a scale to measure resilience in this population.
Humans ; Mental Health ; Mentally Disabled Persons

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine if Pilates gymball exercise can change the electroencephalogram and cognitive function of mentally disabled people. METHODS: Twenty-one mentally disabled people were enrolled in this study. They were assigned randomly to one of two groups: Pilates gymball exercise group (PGEG, n=11), and control group (CG, n=10). The subjects in the PGEG group performed the exercises for 50 minutes a day, three days per week for 6 weeks. The PGEG program consisted of warm up (10 minutes), main workout (30 minutes), and cool down (10 minutes). The main workout consisted of 10 exercise programs. The electroencephalogram (EEG) of Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, O1, and O2 were measured using an PolyG-I system. The cognitive function was evaluated using a mini-mental state examination (MMSE). The measurements were performed before exercise, and 6 weeks after exercise. Covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was performed to determine the difference between the two groups. RESULTS: A significant difference in Fp1, Fp2, and F3 on the relative alpha power was observed between the PGEG and CG groups (p < 0.05). A significant difference in Fp1 on the relative beta power was observed between the PGEG and CG groups (p < 0.05). No significant difference in the MMSE score was observed between the PGEG and CG groups. CONCLUSION: Pilates gymball exercise did positively change the EEG in the frontal lobe. On the other hand, the effect related to cognitive was limited. Pilates gymball exercise appears to be more effective in facilitating brain stimulation related to cognition.
Brain ; Cognition* ; Electroencephalography* ; Exercise* ; Frontal Lobe ; Hand ; Humans ; Mentally Disabled Persons*

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the knowledge and attitude of parents toward their mentally retarded child enrolled for special education in an elementary in Manila.
METHODOLOGY: Using a Tagalog version of the 25 item Index of Parent Attitude (IPA) was used to measure the parents' relationship problems with and their attitude towards their special child. A score below 30 meant that there was no clinically significant problem in tghe parent child relationship, while a score above 30 meant there was a problem and a score above 70 meant parents experienced severe stress with the potential to becoming violent towards their children. A 10 item Knowledge Questionnaire Regarding Mental Retardation (KQMR) answerable by True or False, was also drafted in Taglog. A linguist was consulted to translate and back translate both questionnaires. A score of 1-4 was considered as having poor knowledge, 5-7 good and 8-10 as having excellent knowledge. Consent from the principal of Sta. Ana Elementary School and from parents of mentally retarded children was requested to conduct the study. Parents who had accompanied their children to school and were present at the tiem of study was conducted were included in the study once they agreed to participate. Those who were found to have low scores in th KQMR were invited for 2 Focused Group Discussions (FGD) that lasted for 2 hours each; during with the psychiatrist in training explored their difficulties in managing their mentally retarded children.
RESULTS: Sixty parents agreed to participate in answering the questionnaires and only 18 parents joined the FGD sessions. Based on the IPA 41 (68.33%) were identified as having a significantly problematic attitude towards their child; 16 (26.67%) had no significant problems and 3 (5.0%) had the tendency to become violent towards their child. Forty six (76.67%) were considered to have poor level of knowledge regarding Mental Retardation while 14 (23.33%) had good fund of knowledge and no one had excellent scores. It was mostly the mothers (55 or 91.67%)  who were in school to respond to the questionnaire, most of whom were married (55 or 91.67%) and all of them were more than 30 years old; 43 (71.67%) were unemployed. Fifty percent had a monthly income less than 5000.00 PhP, 40% had 5-10 thousand PhP and 10% had 10,000.00 PhP or more monthly income. Fifty five (91.67%) were high school graduates while 18 or 30% had reached college level. Fifty six (93.33%) were Roman Catholics. From the KQMR many (68%) considered that all mentally retarded children are similar in characteristics and behavior, 70% didn't think that medications could control behavioral changes and 80% didn't think psychiatrist could help in dealing with behavioral or maladaptive changes of such children, while 60% believed that all  types of mental retardation are hereditary. On the other hand 87% were correct in disagreeing with the statement that mentally retarded children become Schizophrenic and 83% considered that the behaviorial changes among mentally retarded children are similar to those of other children.
CONCLUSION: Although some had an accurate understanding about mental retardation most were misinformed, thus the urgent need to educate all parents i.e. both fathers and mothers and perhaps even other members of the family about mental retardation- its causes, complications and how their children could be better managed at home and in school.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the knowledge and attitude of parents toward their mentally retarded child enrolled for special education in an elementary in Manila.
METHODOLOGY: Using a Tagalog version of the 25 item Index of Parent Attitude (IPA) was used to measure the parents' relationship problems with and their attitude towards their special child. A score below 30 meant that there was no clinically significant problem in tghe parent child relationship, while a score above 30 meant there was a problem and a score above 70 meant parents experienced severe stress with the potential to becoming violent towards their children. A 10 item Knowledge Questionnaire Regarding Mental Retardation (KQMR) answerable by True or False, was also drafted in Taglog. A linguist was consulted to translate and back translate both questionnaires. A score of 1-4 was considered as having poor knowledge, 5-7 good and 8-10 as having excellent knowledge. Consent from the principal of Sta. Ana Elementary School and from parents of mentally retarded children was requested to conduct the study. Parents who had accompanied their children to school and were present at the tiem of study was conducted were included in the study once they agreed to participate. Those who were found to have low scores in th KQMR were invited for 2 Focused Group Discussions (FGD) that lasted for 2 hours each; during with the psychiatrist in training explored their difficulties in managing their mentally retarded children.
RESULTS: Sixty parents agreed to participate in answering the questionnaires and only 18 parents joined the FGD sessions. Based on the IPA 41 (68.33%) were identified as having a significantly problematic attitude towards their child; 16 (26.67%) had no significant problems and 3 (5.0%) had the tendency to become violent towards their child. Forty six (76.67%) were considered to have poor level of knowledge regarding Mental Retardation while 14 (23.33%) had good fund of knowledge and no one had excellent scores. It was mostly the mothers (55 or 91.67%)  who were in school to respond to the questionnaire, most of whom were married (55 or 91.67%) and all of them were more than 30 years old; 43 (71.67%) were unemployed. Fifty percent had a monthly income less than 5000.00 PhP, 40% had 5-10 thousand PhP and 10% had 10,000.00 PhP or more monthly income. Fifty five (91.67%) were high school graduates while 18 or 30% had reached college level. Fifty six (93.33%) were Roman Catholics. From the KQMR many (68%) considered that all mentally retarded children are similar in characteristics and behavior, 70% didn't think that medications could control behavioral changes and 80% didn't think psychiatrist could help in dealing with behavioral or maladaptive changes of such children, while 60% believed that all  types of mental retardation are hereditary. On the other hand 87% were correct in disagreeing with the statement that mentally retarded children become Schizophrenic and 83% considered that the behaviorial changes among mentally retarded children are similar to those of other children.
CONCLUSION: Although some had an accurate understanding about mental retardation most were misinformed, thus the urgent need to educate all parents i.e. both fathers and mothers and perhaps even other members of the family about mental retardation- its causes, complications and how their children could be better managed at home and in school.

We present successful resuscitation in a mentally disabled young male who has isolated jejunal perforation without trauma history. Abdominal computed tomography scan showed large amount of free intraperitoneal air. Cardiac arrest occurred after anesthetic induction. Following resuscitation, emergent exploratory laparotomy revealed only a 3-cm perforation of the jejunum, 40 cm from the ligament of Treitz. During operation, repeated cardiac arrest occurred. Fortunately, the operation was successfully completed and patient discharged 15th day after operation without complications.
Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Jejunum ; Laparotomy* ; Ligaments ; Male ; Mentally Disabled Persons* ; Resuscitation* ; Shock, Septic

Foreign bodies in the nasal cavity are commonly encountered in otorhinolaryngologic practice, particularly among children and mentally handicapped patients. Such foreign bodies include plastic toys, pebbles, seeds, buttons, and many others. Many of these foreign bodies can be easily removed with simple tools. However, some of them adhere to the nasal mucosa, resulting in complications such as necrosis or neurovascular injury of the nasal mucosa. Polyurethane foam in the nasal cavity has never been reported in Korea. Furthermore, the complications caused by polyurethane foam in the nasal cavity have not yet been reported. In this article, we report a man who presented with polyurethane foam that had spread into both nasal cavity and nasopharynx by inhalation and adhered to the nasal cavity and sinuses.
Child ; Foreign Bodies* ; Humans ; Inhalation* ; Korea ; Mentally Disabled Persons ; Nasal Cavity* ; Nasal Mucosa ; Nasopharynx ; Necrosis ; Plastics ; Play and Playthings ; Polyurethanes*