Protein energy wasting(PEW)is common in maintenance hemodialysis(MHD)patients,and it is associated with a variety of adverse clinical outcomes,including weight loss and increased protein catab-olism.There are many studies on health interventions for MHD patients through nutrition strategies,exercise pat-terns and the combination of both.This article reviews the pathogenesis,diagnostic criteria and intervention meas-ures of PEW,aiming to provide a reference for early clinical diagnosis,identification and intervention of PEW.

Depression is a complex mental disease with polygenic inheritance and a high incidence.Our understanding of the clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of depression has recently improved.Continuous progress in gene-editing technologies has increased the construction efficiency and reduced the cost of gene-knockout animals,leading to their increasing use in the fields of basic research and drug development for depression and providing a powerful tool for revealing the pathogenesis of depression.In this review,we summarize recent progress in understanding the roles and mechanisms of candidate genes in depression using knockout model mice.