Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) decoction pieces are a core carrier for the inheritance and innovation of TCM, and their quality and safety are critical to public health and the sustainable development of the industry. Conventional quality control models, while having established a well-developed system through long-term practice, still face challenges such as relatively long inspection cycles, insufficient objectivity in characterizing complex traits, and urgent needs for improving the efficiency of integrating multidimensional quality information when confronted with the dual demands of large-scale production and precision quality control. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, machine learning can deeply analyze multidimensional data of the morphology, spectroscopy, and chemical fingerprints of decoction pieces by constructing high-dimensional feature space analysis models, significantly improving the standardization level and decision-making efficiency of quality evaluation. This article reviews the research progress in the application of machine learning in the processing, production, and rapid quality evaluation of TCM decoction pieces. It further analyzes current challenges in technological implementation and proposes potential solutions, offering theoretical and technical references to advance the digital and intelligent transformation of the industry.
Machine Learning ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/standards* ; Quality Control ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/standards* ; Humans

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective:To investigate the impact of programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)and its ligand(PD-L1)on the differentiation of decidual macrophages(DMs)and embryonic development.Methods:20 patients with re-current spontaneous abortion(RSA group)and 20 patients with normal pregnancy induced artificial abortion(NP group)were selected from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between March 2021 and January 2024.Villous and decidual tissues were obtained from both groups.Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion(qPCR)and Western blot techniques were used to detect the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in vil-lous tissues.Flow cytometry was used to analyze the types of DMs and their PD-1 expression.Human monocytic leukemia cells(THP-1)were differentiated under different conditions,with a control group and a PD-1 blocked group established,and different reagents were added into those two groups to induce differentiation,then the pro-portion of DMs types was measured in both groups.Results:PD-L1 protein and mRNA were expressed in the vil-lous tissue of both groups of patients but the expression of PD-L1 protein and mRNA was reduced in the RSA group compared to the NP group(P<0.05).The decidual tissues of both groups contained M1 and M2 macro-phages.Compared with the NP group,the ratio of M2 to M1 DMs in the RSA group was lower(P<0.05),indica-ting a polarization towards the M1 type in DMs.There was no statistically significant difference in PD-1 expression between the two groups(P>0.05).Human THP-1 cells can be stimulated to differentiate into M1 and M2 macro-phages.Afterblocking PD-1,theratioof M2 to M1 macrophages decreased(P<0.05),indicating a polarization towards the M1 type in macrophages.Conclusions:In patients with RSA,the expression of PD-L1 in villous tis-sues is decreased,and DMs polarize towards the M1 type.Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway can further promote the polarization of macrophages towards the M1 type.The influence of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on macrophage po-larization may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RSA.

Objective To explore the protective mechanism of honey-processed Hedysari Radix in regulating intestinal mucosal injury in rats with spleen qi deficiency.Methods The three-factor composite modeling method of bitter cold diarrhea,overwork and hunger and satiety disorder was used to construct a spleen qi deficiency model rats.After the model was successfully made,they were randomly divided into model group,honey-processed Hedysari Radix group and probiotic group,with 15 animals in each group.Another 15 normal rats were taken as the blank group.The honey-processed Hedysari Radix group was given 12.6 g·kg-1 water decoction of honey-processed Hedysari Radix by gavage,the probiotics group was given Bifidobacterium Lactobacillus triple viable tablets suspension at a dose of 0.625 g·kg-1,and the blank group and the model group were given the same dose of distilled water.The rats in the four groups were administered once a day for 15 days.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect diamine oxidase(DAO)in serum,D-lactic acid(D-LA),secretory immunoglobulin A factor,and Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK),zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and occludin in colon tissues.Results The serum levels of DAO in the blank group,model group,honey-processed Hedysari Radix group and probiotic group were(138.93±9.78),(187.95±12.90),(147.21±6.92)and(166.47±3.37)pg·mL-1;the contents of D-LA were(892.23±49.17),(1 099.84±137.64),(956.56±86.04)and(989.61±51.75)μg·L-1;the contents of SIgA in colon tissues were(14.04±1.42),(11.47±2.39),(11.84±1.49)and(12.93±1.65)μg·mL-1;the relative expression levels of ZO-1 protein in colon tissues were 1.18±0.11,0.42±0.04,0.77±0.05 and 0.95±0.07;the relative expression levels of occludin protein were 1.35±0.31,0.61±0.17,1.19±0.19 and 0.88±0.13;the relative expression levels of AMPK protein were 0.91±0.02,0.35±0.09,0.74±0.08 and 0.59±0.11.Compared with the model group,there were significant differences in the serum content of DAO and D-LA,SIgA content in colon,and the content of ZO-1,occludin and AMPK protein in the honey-processed Hedysari Radix group(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).Conclusion Honey-processed Hedysari Radix can enhance the protective effect on the intestinal mucosa of rats with spleen qi deficiency by regulating the expression of related inflammatory cytokines,intestinal mucosal upper cell enzymes and tight junction proteins in rats with spleen qi deficiency.