Three soil conditioners were prepared from granulated food waste and decomposed cattle manure combined with desulfurization gypsum, coal gangue, and maifanite, respectively. Field trials were conducted in the saline field growing Cabernet Sauvignon. The effects of soil conditioners on rhizospheric bacterial communities were studied, with the aim of providing a scientific basis for soil amelioration and restoration. Five treatments were designed, including the control (T1), conventional fertilization (T2), reduced chemical fertilization+organic matter-based soil conditioner with calcium additives (T3), reduced chemical fertilization+organic matter-based soil conditioner with silica additives (T4), and reduced chemical fertilization+organic matter-based soil conditioner with magnesium additives (T5), each with three replications. The results indicated that soil conditioners improved the rhizospheric nutrients, yield, and quality of grape (P<0.05), increased relative abundance of Proteobacteria by 17.32%-23.37%, decreased relative abundance of unidentified_Bacteria and Acidobacteriota by 4.22%-28.42% and 20.88%-35.81%, respectively. The bacterial community composition and diversity were different between treatments. Function analysis showed that the expression levels of the genes involved in chromosome and protein synthesis, mRNA biosynthesis, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism were up-regulated in the treatments with soil conditioners. The correlation analysis revealed that multiple environmental factors affected the alpha diversity of rhizospheric bacterial communities, and some bacterial taxa were closely related to the grape yield and quality. It is concluded that soil conditioners can effectively alter rhizosphere nutrient levels and bacterial community structures and functions. T5 treatment outperforms other treatments in improving the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of rhizosphere, and the yield, and quality of grape. It has potential for application, and provides an important basis for development of new-type soil conditioners.
Soil Microbiology ; Rhizosphere ; Soil/chemistry* ; Vitis/microbiology* ; Fertilizers ; Bacteria/growth & development* ; Cattle ; Manure ; Animals

In order to determine the changes of bacterial community structure and function in the early, middle and late stage of aerobic composting of chicken manure, high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics methods were used to determine and analyze the 16S rRNA sequence of samples at different stages of composting. Wayne analysis showed that most of the bacterial OTUs in the three composting stages were the same, and only about 10% of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) showed stage specificity. The diversity indexes including Ace, Chao1 and Simpson showed a trend of increasing at first, followed by decreasing. However, there was no significant difference among different composting stages (P < 0.05). The dominant bacteria groups in three composting stages were analyzed at the phylum and genus levels. The dominant bacteria phyla at three composting stages were the same, but the abundances were different. LEfSe (line discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size) method was used to analyze the bacterial biological markers with statistical differences among three stages of composting. From the phylum to genus level, there were 49 markers with significant differences among different groups. The markers included 12 species, 13 genera, 12 families, 8 orders, 1 boundary, and 1 phylum. The most biomarkers were detected at early stage while the least biomarkers were detected at late stage. The microbial diversity was analyzed at the functional pathway level. The function diversity was the highest in the early stage of composting. Following the composting, the microbial function was enriched relatively while the diversity decreased. This study provides theoretical support and technical guidance for the regulation of livestock manure aerobic composting process.
Animals ; Manure/microbiology* ; Chickens/genetics* ; Composting ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics* ; Soil ; Bacteria/genetics*

Scedosporium apiospermum, an asexual state of Pseudallescheria boydii, is a widely distributed mould that can be found in the soil, manure, stagnant water and decaying vegetation. It has become an emerging pathogen among immunosuppressed patients but it can also cause infections in immunocompetent patients by penetrating trauma. This fungus is a classical cause of mycetoma and the localized skin infections caused by this mould are much rarer than mycetoma. We report a case of cutaneous S. apiospermum infection in a 79-year-old woman. She had erythematous plaque with crust and violaceous supprative nodules on the right forearm. The culture from pus showed typical white to gray colored cottony colonies of S. apiospermum. Treatment was started with voriconazole effectively. Skin lesions completely cured with no reccurence. Thus, voriconazole shows to be an effective treatment for Scedosporium infection.
Female ; Forearm ; Fungi ; Humans ; Manure ; Mycetoma ; Pseudallescheria ; Pyrimidines ; Scedosporium ; Skin ; Soil ; Suppuration ; Triazoles

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the induction of constricting rings and test predation of Dactylaria brochopaga isolates against second stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne graminicola. Among the five fungal isolates, isolate D showed the greatest number of predatory rings and, consequently, trapped the maximum number of M. graminicola J2s in dual cultures. Another pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of D. brochopaga (isolate D) on the management of wheat root-knot disease. Applying a mass culture (10 g/pot) and a spore suspension of the fungus with and without cow dung manure to soil infested with 2,000 M. graminicola juveniles significantly improved plant height, root length, weights of shoots, roots, panicles and grains per hill compared to those in the control. Moreover, the fungus significantly reduced the number of root-knots, the number of egg masses, juveniles, and females per hill compared to those in the control. Bio-efficacy of the fungus was heightened when the mass culture and a spore suspensions were used in combination with cow dung manure to improve the plant growth parameters and reduce the number of root-knot and reproductive factors. Further investigations should be conducted to identify the impact of this fungus in the field.
Edible Grain ; Female ; Fungi ; Humans ; Manure ; Ovum ; Plants ; Soil ; Spores ; Suspensions ; Triticum ; Tylenchoidea ; Weights and Measures

Calocybe indica, a tropical edible mushroom, is popular because it has good nutritive value and it can be cultivated commercially. The current investigation was undertaken to determine a suitable substrate and the appropriate thickness of casing materials for the cultivation of C. indica. Optimum mycelial growth was observed in coconut coir substrate. Primordia initiation with the different substrates and casing materials was observed between the 13th and 19th day. The maximum length of stalk was recorded from sugarcane leaf, while diameter of stalk and pileus, and thickness of pileus were found in rice straw substrate. The highest biological and economic yield, and biological efficiency were also obtained in the rice straw substrate. Cow dung and loamy soil, farm-yard manure, loamy soil and sand, and spent oyster mushroom substrates were used as casing materials to evaluate the yield and yield-contributing characteristics of C. indica. The results indicate that the number of effective fruiting bodies, the biological and economic yield, and the biological efficiency were statistically similar all of the casing materials used. The maximum biological efficiency was found in the cow dung and loamy soil casing material. The cow dung and loamy soil (3 cm thick) was the best casing material and the rice straw was the best substrate for the commercial cultivation of C. indica.
Agaricales ; Cocos ; Fruit ; Lignin ; Manure ; Nutritive Value ; Pleurotus ; Saccharum ; Silicon Dioxide ; Soil

OBJECTIVETo investigate the struvite precipitation under constant and non-constant pH conditions and to test a stainless steel device under different operating regimes to maximize the recovery of struvite.

METHODSThe molar ratio of NH4+: Mg2+: PO4(3-) was adjusted to 1: 1.2: 1.2 and pH was elevated to 9.0. The absorbance measurement was used to trace the process of struvite crystallization. Wastewater and precipitate analysis was done by standard analytical methods.

RESULTSThe pH constant experiment reported a significantly higher struvite precipitation (24.6 +/- 0.86 g) than the non-constant pH experiment (19.8 +/- 1.86 g). The SAR ranged from 5.6 to 8.2 g m(-2) h(-1) to 3.6-4.8 g m(-2) h(-1) in pH constant and non-constant experiments, respectively. The highest struvite deposit on the device was found in regime 3 followed by in regimes 2 and 4. The highest PO4(3-) (97.2%) and NH4+ (71%) removal was reported in the R1 regime. None of the influent Cu2+ or Zn2+ was precipitated on the device.

CONCLUSIONA higher struvite yield is evident in pH constant experiments. Moreover, the stainless steel device facilitates the isolation of heavy metal free pure (around 96%) struvite from swine waste biogas digester effluent contaminated with cu2+ and Zn2+ and the highest yield is attainable with the device operating at 50 rpm with agitation by a magnetic stirrer.

Animals ; Bioreactors ; Chemical Precipitation ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium Compounds ; chemistry ; Manure ; Phosphates ; chemistry ; Stainless Steel ; Struvite ; Swine ; Time Factors ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; instrumentation ; methods

The process of biodegradation in lingo-cellulosic materials is critically relevant to biospheric carbon. The study of this natural process has largely involved laboratory investigations, focused primarily on the biodegradation and recycling of agricultural by-products, generally using basidiomycetes species. In order to collect super white rot fungi and evaluate its ability to degrade lingo-cellulosic material, 35 fungal strains, collected from forests, humus soil, livestock manure, and dead trees, were screened for enzyme activities and their potential to decolorize the commercially used Poly-R 478 dye. In the laccase enzymatic analysis chemical test, 33 white rot fungi and 2 brown rot fungi were identified. The degradation ability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) according to the utilized environmental conditions was higher in the mushrooms grown in dead trees and fallen leaves than in the mushrooms grown in humus soil and livestock manure. Using Poly-R 478 dye to assess the PAH-degradation activity of the identified strains, four strains, including Agrocybe pediades, were selected. The activities of laccase, MnP, and Lip of the four strains with PAH-degrading ability were highest in Pleurotus incarnates. 87 fungal strains, collected from forests, humus soil, livestock manure, and dead trees, were screened for enzyme activities and their potential to decolorize the commercially used Poly-R 478 dye on solid media. Using Poly-R 478 dye to assess the PAHdegrading activity of the identified strains, it was determined that MKACC 51632 and 52492 strains evidenced superior activity in static and shaken liquid cultures. Subsequent screening on plates containing the polymeric dye poly R-478, the decolorization of which is correlated with lignin degradation, resulted in the selection of a strain of Coriolus versicolor, MKACC52492, for further study, primarily due to its rapid growth rate and profound ability to decolorize poly R-478 on solid media. Considering our findings using Poly-R 478 dye to evaluate the PAH-degrading activity of the identified strains, Coriolus versicolor, MKACC 52492 was selected as a favorable strain. Coriolus versicolor, which was collected from Mt. Yeogi in Suwon, was studied for the production of the lignin-modifying enzymes laccase, manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP).
Agaricales ; Agrocybe ; Anthraquinones ; Basidiomycota ; Carbon ; Coloring Agents ; Fungi ; Humans ; Laccase ; Lignin ; Lip ; Livestock ; Manure ; Mass Screening ; Peroxidase ; Peroxidases ; Pleurotus ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic ; Polymers ; Recycling ; Soil ; Sprains and Strains ; Trees

Twenty isolates of Bacillus species obtained from livestock manure composts and cotton-waste composts were tested for their antagonistic effects in vitro against three green mold pathogens of mushrooms (Trichoderma harzianum, T. koningii, and T. viridescens). However, there exists a possibility Bacillus species may have antagonistic effects against mushrooms themselves, and thus the same 20 isolates were tested in vitro against three species of mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes, Lentinus edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus). Of the 20 Bacillus species isolates tested, two inhibited mycelial growth of T. harzianum, seven that of T. koningii, and eight that of T. viridescens. Importantly, the bacterial isolates M27 and RM29 strongly inhibited mycelial growth of all the Trichoderma spp. isolates tested. The isolate M27 was subsequently identified as the most effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of all the Trichoderma species. Interesting results of the effect Bacillus isolates had upon the mushroom species followed. It was found that most Bacillus isolates except 5T33 at least somewhat inhibited mycelial growth of the three mushroom species or some of the mushrooms. Furhermore, the antagonistic effects of the bacterial isolates against the three species of mushrooms varied depending on the mushroom species, suggesting a role for mushroom type in the mechanism of inhibition. The bacterial isolates M27 and RM29 were identified as having the most antagonistic activity, inhibiting mycelial growth of all the Trichoderma spp. as well as mycelial growth of the three species of mushrooms. These results suggest that the bacterial isolates and their antagonistic effects on green mold pathogens should be further studied for their practical use for biological control of green mold in the growing room of the mushrooms.
Agaricales ; Bacillus ; Fungi ; Livestock ; Manure ; Pleurotus ; Shiitake Mushrooms ; Soil ; Trichoderma

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility of nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from swine waste biogas digester effluent and the effects of pH and NH4+: Mg2+: PO4(3-) molar ratio on its precipitation.

METHODSPrecipitation experiments with swine waste biogas digester effluent were conducted at pH 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0 together with NH4+: Mg2+: PO4(3-) molar ratios 1: 0.2: 0.08, 1: 1: 1, and 1: 1.5: 1.5. Chemical and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were done to determine the composition of the precipitate.

RESULTSThe highest removal and recovery of NH4+ and PO4(3-) were achieved at pH 9.0 in each experiment. The elevation of pH to 9.0 alone could decrease the initial PO4(3-) concentration from 42 mg L(-1) to 4.7 mg L(-1) and 89.2% PO4(3-) recovery was achieved. The pH-molar ratio combination 9.0-1: 1.5: 1.5 effected 76.5% NH4+ and 68.5% PO4(3-) recovery. The molar ratio of 1: 1: 1 together with pH elevation to 9.0 was determined to be the optimum combination for both NH4+ and PO4(3-) removal as it recovered over 70% and 97% of the initial NH4+ and PO4(3-), respectively.

CONCLUSIONSNitrogen and phosphorus can be recovered from biogas digester effluent as struvite.

Animals ; Bioelectric Energy Sources ; Bioreactors ; Chemical Precipitation ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnesium Compounds ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Manure ; Nitrogen ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Phosphates ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Phosphorus ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Struvite ; Swine ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; X-Ray Diffraction

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of five kinds of fertilizers at three application levels on the content of 2-undecanone and carbohydrate in Houttuynia cordata.

METHODA single factor randomized block design was used to investigate the content of 2-undecanone and carbohydrate in the plant.

RESULTThe results showed that the content of 2-undecanone was the highest both in aerial and underground parts of H. cordata, which was fertilized with complex fertilizers served in conventional way, having the content 18.6 microg g(-1) and 26.0 microg g(-1) respectively. In addition, 2-undecanone contents in aerial parts of H. cordata (14.9 microg g(-1)) fertilized with manure of human were also higher than that with chemical fertilizer, pig and duck manures, but no significant difference were found among the other treatments in aerial or underground parts of the plants, respectively. The results also demonstrated that fertilized with organic fertilizer might be beneficial to enhance the quality of sugar in H. cordata, mainly including the contents of total sugar, solutable sugar, fructose and reduced sugar in the plants, especially with manure of human and pig.

CONCLUSIONAs the result of this study and the related previous research on yield of H. cordata were considered, the fertilizing ways for increasing quality of H. cordata should take the manure of human as a main fertilizer and mix with the other organic fertilizers, complex fertilizers and chemical ones may be needed to balance the plant nutrient. In the field practice, the amount of organic fertilizer including 108,000 kg hm(-2) human mature, together with some high-efficient complex fertilizer and a small amount of quick-acting chemical fertilizer is recommended.

Animals ; Carbohydrates ; analysis ; Ducks ; Fertilizers ; Fructose ; analysis ; Houttuynia ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Ketones ; analysis ; Manure ; Plant Components, Aerial ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Swine