HSP21 gene is a key gene to respond high temperature stress in plant and plays an important role in preventing protein denaturation, protecting cell structure and maintaining normal growth and development. Therefore, cloning HSP21 gene is the basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of resistance to high temperature stress in cassava. To obtain cassava HSP21 homologous gene and analyze the properties of predicted protein, electronic cloning technology was used to assemble and derivate new gene in this study, and bioinformatics analysis method was used to analyze the primary to highest structure, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, signal peptide, protein homology and phylogenetic evolution of expressed protein. HSP21 gene was 969 bp, its open reading frame was 705 bp, and the predicted protein contains 234 amino acids. The predicted protein is a non-transmembrane protein that is alkaline and hydrophilic, and is mainly localized in the chloroplast. Through multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, it was found that the cassava HSP21 protein has high homology with other plants such as Hevea brasiliensis, Ricinus communis, and Jatropha curcas. The results could provide reference for the study of cloning and transformation of this gene.
Chloroplasts ; Cloning, Molecular ; Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Evolution, Molecular ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; genetics ; Manihot ; genetics ; Phylogeny

Guangxi COFCO innovates its annual 200 000 ton cassava ethanol production in recent years. To evaluate the energy input/output of the production process, we used the domestic life cycle model. The calculation results show that the net energy value was 9.56 MJ/L ethanol. Energy input for ethanol production was 51.3% of the total. 61.5% of energy input for ethanol production was used for steam input in ethanol distillation. Energy produced from by-product was 5.03 MJ/L ethanol. Hence, efficient use of raw materials is an important measure to improve the energy efficiency in Guangxi COFCO and energy compensation from byproducts has key impact on the net energy saving.
Biofuels ; China ; Ethanol ; Manihot

The study aimed to evaluate the probiotic properties, antioxidant activity and fermentative capacity of Acremonium charticola and Rhizopus oryzae isolated from the Indonesian fermented dried cassava, with particular application on poultry. A. charticola inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Aspergillus flavus. A. charticola and R. oryzae grew in potato dextrose agar (PDA) adjusted to pH 3 and 8 or in PDA supplemented with bile salt up to 0.8%. After soaking for 8 hr, the survival rate of A. charticola in the simulated gastric juice (pH 2) and bile solutions (2% bile salt) was lower than that of R. oryzae. A. charticola and R. oryzae exhibited strong antioxidant activities. Compared to unfermented cassava pulp (control), the fibre content of cassava pulp tended to be lower after fermentation with A. charticola for 14 days. The populations of A. charticola and R. oryzae were significantly higher in fermented cassava pulp than in unfermented one. Coliform was higher in cassava pulp fermented with R. oryzae or A. charticola + R. oryzae compared to control after 7 days of fermentation, however, the bacteria were not different between A. charticola-fermented cassava pulp and control. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were higher in A. charticola- and R. oryzae-fermented cassava pulp than those in control, however, no difference of LAB was observed between A. charticola + R. oryzae-fermented cassava pulp and control. In conclusion, A. charticola exhibited antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity, gastrointestinal persistence and fermentative capacity that may be beneficial for poultry industry.
Acremonium ; Agar ; Aspergillus flavus ; Bacteria ; Bile ; Escherichia coli ; Fermentation ; Fungi* ; Gastric Juice ; Glucose ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lactic Acid ; Manihot* ; Oryza ; Poultry* ; Probiotics ; Rhizopus ; Solanum tuberosum ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND: Cassava and corn milling is a growing small-scale enterprise in Africa. We aimed to determine the incidence of hand-arm musculoskeletal complaints among vibration-exposed Congolese cassava and corn millers in the previous 12 months. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, prior to a follow-up study, from March to May 2013 among cassava/corn millers in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo, in which 365 millers age-matched to 365 civil workers anonymously answered a questionnaire. RESULTS: Overall incidence of hand-arm musculoskeletal complaints was 25.8% in millers (vs. 5.2% in civil workers; p < 0.001). The risk of experiencing musculoskeletal symptoms was seven times higher in millers [vs. civil workers; odds ratio (OR) = 7.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.03-12.50; p < 0.0001]; 2.4 times higher in smoking millers (vs. smoking civil office workers; OR = 2.36; 95% CI: 1.42-3.88; p < 0.001); 3.6 times higher in millers with longer daily exposure (> 8 hours; vs. those working < or = 8 hours; OR = 3.56; 95% CI: 1.93-3.61; p = 0.026); and 7.4 times higher in young millers (vs. older millers, OR = 7.39; 95% CI: 1.29-75.52; p < 0.001). Smoking, number of cigarettes, and daily exposure duration were positively correlated with musculoskeletal complaints. CONCLUSION: This study revealed a relatively high incidence of musculoskeletal complaints among African cassava and corn millers. The use of anti-vibration protective equipment and the regulation of this hazardous occupation may reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in millers.
Africa ; Anonyms and Pseudonyms ; Congo ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Incidence* ; Manihot* ; Occupations ; Odds Ratio ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Products ; Zea mays*

In the present study, we developed a two-liquid phase fermentation system by adding 1% n-dodecane as oxygen-vector to enhance the microbial lipids productivity of Trichosporon fermentans using cassava starch hydrolysate. Results suggest that the oxygen-vector could alleviate the oxygen shortage in flask fermentation. The cell mass and lipids concentration were 101.2 g/L and 50.28 respectively in 2 L fermenter with the presence of 1% n-dodecane. Additionally, gas chromatography analysis also reveals that the microbial lipids produced by T. fermentans contained a higher percentage of saturated fatty acid in the oxygen-vector case.
Alkanes ; chemistry ; Biofuels ; Fermentation ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; Lipids ; biosynthesis ; Manihot ; metabolism ; Starch ; metabolism ; Trichosporon ; genetics ; metabolism

Lactic acid has a wide range of uses in the chemical, pharmaceutical and food industry. With rapid development of poly (lactic acid) industry, the demand for polymer-grade L-lactic acid is continuously increasing. Developing low-cost, non-food-biomass-lactic-acid fermentation process and the fermentation-separation coupled technology are trends to reduce polymer-grade L-lactic acid production cost. This review summarized the most recent advances in low-cost L-lactic acid fermentation based on the use of non-food biomass, followed by addressing the key issue that might be strategically important for future development of polymer-grade L-lactic acid production in industry.
Biomass ; Biotechnology ; trends ; Cellulose ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Insulin ; metabolism ; Lactic Acid ; metabolism ; Manihot ; metabolism ; Polymers ; metabolism

Cellulose takes nearly 10% (W/W) dry weight of cassava tubers. In this study, the cellulase cost of different ethanol fermentation from cassava cellulose was evaluated. The processes include the direct saccharification and fermentation of original cassava cellulose residues, the direct saccharification and fermentation of pretreated cassava cellulose residues, and the simultaneous co-saccharification and fermentation of cassava starch and cassava cellulose. The results show that the cassava cellulose utilization in the first two processes were low with the enzyme cost of 13 602 and 11 659 RMB Yuan per tone of ethanol, respectively. In the third process, the final ethanol concentration increased from 101.5 g/L to 107.0 g/L when cassava cellulose and cassava starch were saccharified simultaneously. Comparing to the first two processes, the third one demonstrated the lowest enzyme cost at 3 589 RMB Yuan per ton of ethanol, which was less than the ethanol price and no additional equipment and operation cost input were added. The conclusion provided a practical way of cassava cellulose utilization in cassava ethanol industry.
Biotechnology ; economics ; methods ; Cellulase ; economics ; Cellulose ; metabolism ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Ethanol ; economics ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Manihot ; metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; metabolism

Cyanogenic glycosides are HCN-producing phytotoxins; HCN is a powerful and a rapidly acting poison. It is not difficult to find plants containing these compounds in the food supply and/or in medicinal herb collections. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of total cyanide in nine genera (Dolichos, Ginkgo, Hordeum, Linum, Phaseolus, Prunus, Phyllostachys, Phytolacca, and Portulaca) of edible plants and the effect of the processing on cyanide concentration. Total cyanide content was measured by ion chromatography following acid hydrolysis and distillation. Kernels of Prunus genus are used medicinally, but they possess the highest level of total cyanide of up to 2259.81 CN-/g dry weight. Trace amounts of cyanogenic compounds were detected in foodstuffs such as mungbeans and bamboo shoots. Currently, except for the WHO guideline for cassava, there is no global standard for the allowed amount of cyanogenic compounds in foodstuffs. However, our data emphasize the need for the guidelines if plants containing cyanogenic glycosidesare to be developed as dietary supplements.
Chromatography ; Dietary Supplements ; Distillation ; Flax ; Food Supply ; Ginkgo biloba ; Glycosides ; Hordeum ; Hydrolysis ; Manihot ; Phaseolus ; Phytolacca ; Plants, Edible ; Plants, Medicinal ; Prunus

Microbial oil, as raw material for biodiesel, can be produced by Trichosporon cutaneum B3 using cassava starch hydrolysate. Batch cultures demonstrated that there was little inhibitory effect with the concentration of cassava starch hydrolysate up to 90 g/L. The favorable initial pH, C/N molar ratio, nitrogen source and its concentration were 6.0, 116, yeast extract and 3.0 g/L, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, dry biomass reached 15.2 g/L and lipid content reached 40.9% after culture for 144 h in flask. Batch cultures in a 2 L stirred-tank fermenter were run for 44 h and resulted in dry biomass, lipid content and lipid yield of 28.7 g/L, 42.8% and 12.27 g/L, respectively. The chemical compositions of biodiesel prepared from lipids of T cutaneum B3 mainly included palmitic acid methyl ester, stearic acid methyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester and linoleic acid methyl ester etc., and its main physicochemical properties were in compliance with relevant national diesel standards. Therefore, the biodiesel prepared from lipids of T cutaneum B3 can serve as a potential fossil fuel alternatives.
Biofuels ; Culture Techniques ; methods ; Fermentation ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; Lipids ; biosynthesis ; Manihot ; metabolism ; Starch ; metabolism ; Trichosporon ; growth & development ; metabolism

We optimized the conditions of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) from cassava flour into high-concentration ethanol by thermophilic yeast GXASY-10. Based on the single factor experiment, we screened the important parameters by Plackeet-burman design. We used the path of steepest ascent to approach to the biggest region of ethanol production subsequently. Then, we obtained the optimum values of the parameters by Box-Behnken design. The results showed that the important parameters were the liquefaction time, glucosidase dosages and initial concentration of cassava flour (substrate). The optimum technical conditions were as follows: liquefaction time 35 min, glucosidase dosages 1.21 AGU/g substrate and initial substrate concentration 37.62%. Under such optimum conditions, the ethanol yield of 20 L fermentor reached 16.07% (V/W) after 48 h fermentation at 37 degrees C and 100 r/min. The ethanol content increased 33% than that under the original condition.
Ethanol ; analysis ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Glucosidases ; pharmacology ; Hot Temperature ; Manihot ; metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Yeasts ; physiology